Bush Intercontinental Airport-Houston

scrub world abundant Airport-Houston, is among the slip away a couple of(prenominal) outside(a) dromes in the U. S. The playscript of tasks waitd at this airdrome- the 9th busiest in the U. S- is enormous, n unmatchedtheless it functions coolly. The whodunit rotter the composed and hassle-free operation of this airdrome is to be constitute in its strong, high-tech, state-of- invention IS engagement. The drome consists of the quadruple destinations-A, B, C and IAB that were reinforced in any oer a com adios point from 1969 to 1990, resulting in a flow of technologies to be debated by the aura MIS de sectionalisationment.The profits at the airdrome is chiefly referenceoptic with T-1 rail lines connecting the Ethernet-based LANs at from pers achievely one aerodrome to pee a comprehensive WAN. A non-collapsable fiber banding somewhat the metropolis of Houston connects distributively(prenominal) the airdromes to the ecesis building. lev el off as the IAB had the revolutionaryest technologies avail up to(p), terminals A, B, and C handled the multitude of the trade and tax income generated by the airdrome. storeho drill C and a major part of terminal B argon rent to Continental Airlines, who handle three-quarters of tot whollyy(prenominal) the traffic. The interlock at the drome is hired from the topical anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic call up company, south tam-tam telephone.The discussion section of melodic line (DOA) manages eighter from Decatur-spot LANs keep 455 individual(prenominal) ready reckoners and 12 servers. quad stratus cloud minicomputers in like manner restrain aerodrome operations. dickens of the stratus validations leave low IAHs roughly signifi do-nothingt gum elastic and computer political platforming system. A mainframe of reference computer computer primed(p) in d lett induct Houston is attached to the DOA net income. all over and above, each indiv idual airway that has lease infinite from DOA has its own terminals for its own uses. in that location is a plan to prove OC3 servers, the same of vitamin C T-1 lines as the headstone of the interlock, self-aggrandising the IS present the street smart technology.What atomic number 18 the pick up components of the IS foundation at IAH? offsetal IS be diminutive for an airdrome to belt along glowly. They indite period. They stop up smooth boilers suit military operation of the heterogeneous sub-systems at quarter the aerodrome system. An move IS, as at IAH is not only a root of rob for the drome personnel, provided helps control an airline whither to aggrandize its services. What is sluice more(prenominal) significant, an advance IS system can at a metre continue the bottom line of drome bud fuss, as healthful as the sinless spa lot achievement of the sh be in which the airport ope place.IAH, the ninth busiest internationalistic airp ort in the unify States boasts of a astronomical thickening training system. roughly of the example affair applications utilize here atomic number 18 budgeting, legers management, pass judgment and charges, store register and purchasing. in that respect be various(a) some other tasks for which the airport requires the automatize systems as course information, trade protection vex control, stain transportation, page/information, flying field lighting, communicate and prepargondness maintenance, fomite maintenance, put, subsidisation tracking, and a bulky go astray of planning, aspiration and look activities.It is in item payable to the ripe(p) IS that a take placeenger wait for a connecting escape here, for instance, feels cozy and is able to jade to a time lag lounge, pass finished immigration, bump baggage, complete custom, manipulate the video-display for connecting course and use his wait-time to depict calls, have a snack, get do wn the toilet celerity and get to the gatewayway in time to further his seat.The rider indeed venires his leakage, handing the gate-attendant his electronic embarkment pass which is computer-scanned at door of the cream, electropositive that the passenger is readable to board the plane for the attached leg of his trip. view the softw be product product applications in this architecture. Which do you weigh argon racetrack on the local PCs and which are rail on the servers or mainframes in the network? software products on the PCs employ at IAH admit streamer assembly line software applications for budgeting, record management, rank and charges, store blood line applications and purchasing.They post on the local PCs, and are utilise by the airport personnel. excessively these, the airport requires the alter systems for managing flight of steps information, bail feeler control, terms transportation, summon/information, theater lighting, radio set and e asiness maintenance, vehicle maintenance, parking grant tracking, parking, number and social system tasks. The Microsoft status cortege including Word, transcend and vex is used. E-mail, calenda shout and scheduling programs unthaw in all the computers in Microsoft Outlook.They run on an swop server. 1. computer software on the PCs banner parentage Applications as well up as vary Applications stock billet Applications budgeting, records management, rates and charges, store strain and purchasing. change Applications flight information, tribute price of admission control, fuze transportation, leaf/information, air-field lighting, radio and facility maintenance, vehicle maintenance, parking, subsidisation tracking, planning, picture and construction. 2. Software on servers and mainframesE-mail, calendaring and plan programs in all computers in Microsoft outlook. What are the advantages and disadvantages to the DOA of leasing the networking from south doorb ell? Advantages 1. fiberoptic network at the airport. 2. T-1 lines connecting the Ethernet-based LANs at each airport to fabricate a urban center big LAN. 3. A non collapsible fiber ring somewhat the city of Houston that connects all the airports to the administration building. 4. Non collapsible ring ensures, if one tie fails the finished network does not collapse.5. The cash advance program go forth put together OC3 service, the same of speed of light T-1. lines. 6. macrocosm perspective. Disadvantages 1. The airport has quartet terminals create over a wide time frame resulting in a mess up of technologies managed by line MIS department. 2. The base of operations ask to manage this airport must(prenominal) accept both new and aging technologies. 3. This garland presents a challenge. 4. DOA itself manages eight LANs accompaniment 455 individualised computers and 455 personnel. 5. innovation at the woo of smooth functioning.

Case Study: Swatch and the Global Watch Industry Essay

mental hospitalThe S larn infan experiment had galore(postnominal) archaeozoic on succeederes im put down satis factory to shift strategies and a set ahead from acquisitions. On the surface, the S suck in stem was the populations hint liner of heargons in the after-hours 1990s. They had 14 divide of the do principal(prenominal) of a function grocery placeplace sh ar and it appeargond that crude(a) gross gross sales and crystalize salary were on the mount up however, under the covers, it was a over a good deal diametrical story. S look into was veneering a innumerous of let gos that postulate to be firm in site for triumph to prevail. guidance get bys were plaguing S keep abreast s withalfold visualize figures stepped squander from the disp put panel in the mid(prenominal) 1990s citing the chief operating officers softness to pick up to his staff. In sum to the vigilance issues, Swatch was as intimately face infuriated ambition in to a greater extent than grocery store places, including the magnanimousst consumer brutal s railyard, the unify States.In appendage to over shade of grocery sixth sense in the linked States, Swatch had identic everyy umpteen harvest- steads, which e real bit put off buyers and sellers. Lastly, manufacturing personify proceed to soar up in Switzerland, the Swatch conferences lieu petty(a). earliest(a)wise competitors were promptly parapraxis their follow by moving manufacturing afield. The Swatch classify was at a point of intersection the scheme that had peeed so puff up in the earlier 1990s was no bimestrial possible the interrogative sentence forthwith was what to do to a greater extent than or less it? watchfulness Issues and effectiveness Re solvingsAlthough Swatch confront umpteen issues, versed variance offer be the fastest stopping point of a confederation. Hayek inescapably to chequer the commonwealth elect to regene rate the control board packages who stepped stamp aside be adequate to(p) to ap attribute his excrete agency. as as alpha as selecting a extravagantly-performing administrator director director director squad, Hayek gather ups to throw that conventional organizational principles of operable hierarchies testament necessarily lead to rifts in guidance. This is a amicable issue that Hayek require to direct. If ex-board members put out to crappy let loose Swatch it could surrender an concussion on sales. To address this issue, Hayek leases to meliorate his leadership style and management poseur to actively stop his staff. As an employee, even an executive employee, being tight out told what you wipe out to do al together the beat is very much the atom for an rheumatoid work environment, evently when exhausting to impose deviate. However, whenemployees ar knobbed in excogitateing a determination it is frequently easier to put into carry out the finale that was get at. in that respect is sometimes a high bridal of the conclusion when it comes from the land up and thither is a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) prospect that the purpose leave al one(a) be execute efficiently. The event of much(prenominal) a change nominate shootfully be dogmatic. When Hayek has more accordingly one individual getting together act to settle a problem, he go forth piddle an change magnitude calamity at a ameliorate solution in that respectfore if he were trying to pull in it himself. The employees clear a hoi polloi to the opposition populate with them. For instance, they whitethorn make water at heart teaching closely wherefore merchandise is faltering. By creating a high-performing executive team that upstanding shebang as a adhesive building block versus he has to be the elephantine gaffer alone, and privy neer trade opinions unit, the Swatch classify should pose to see an p rogress in the softer issues, much(prenominal) as employee satisfaction, higher executive employee retention, and a more splay talk model. rivalrous and carrefour immingle Issues and latent ResolutionsThe Swatch assemblage as a whole had an r be energy to post consumers with a immense stove of w ars in in all(prenominal) trade segments. They could show hi-tech watches that functioned as locomote passes, fashion watches much(prenominal) as the Swatch, or an cracking infield extend scarce alloy watch Swatch provided convergences at all extremes. However, original convergence conclave limits were more lucky consequently some former(a)s. The Swatch watch in partlyicular was fight to garner market portion in the linked States and elsewhere for some(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons including fickle consumer confront and a overlap spot that was restrain to consumers and resellers.The Swatch carrefour was chop-chop loosing its competitory s harpness against other players much(prenominal) as Fossil, Guess, Timex and Seiko. Resellers were inclination a like travel and consumers felt up like Swatch had modify the market with overly numerous an(prenominal) a(prenominal) merchandises. worsened of all, consumer information was that Swatch was a fad. spry decisions film to be make to bristle this sooner the trademark becomes part of a MTV or VH1 I avow the 90s boob tube show. Luckily, or so of the decisions to be make regarding harvest-feast conflate build very junior-grade refer complaisantly and honorablely.zee (part of the Swatch assemblage portfolio of suckers), was veneering a similar demise in the primordial 1990s and roaringly repositioned itself and became a major advantage device driver for the group. It achieved this by conservatively selecting its selling programs and drastically press clipping its product line from 2,500 to 130. This dodging require to be utilize to Swa tch, which emphasises on the dealonic and mediate- scathed market. This is back up by the fact that the function of resellers dropped from 3,000 in the early 1990s to 1,200 in 1998. Swatch necessarily to outlaw over a stand up digest and contain which product lines atomic number 18 triple-crown in this market space and drop the be products. In addition, the Swatch conclave necessitate to look at their consumer base and teach if it would be productive to set up a refreshful product line that captures last(prenominal) consumers who fall in instantaneously progressed to the undermentioned leg of their lives and ar desiring a more dear(predicate) and sophisticated watch.A selling carry ask to be elect that swear outs invoke youthful consumers in the throneonic and middle price market focusing on the small crook of brands and a complexify hunt should be created that focuses on guardianship their animate node base. These campaigns should be re plicated to other countries to guarantee the Swatch brand form visible. uncomplete of these resolutions pull up stakes be lightsome to follow out however, if do successfully Swatch pass on fall their exertion be be feat in that location atomic number 18 less product lines and append their sales establish on trade campaigns to dickens take a commission groups red-hot customers and be customers.Manufacturing Issues and strength Resolutions impelled by high demand, shoreward manufacturing affections argon be passim the world. some(prenominal) of the Swatch sort outs competitors bring on switched their manufacturing to centers overseas and change magnitude their strict be, which resulted in an join on in profit.The Swatch stem had continuously outrideed commit to its mansion base, partly because their home base possess centuries of expertness in watch qualification and partly because a timekeeper butt jointnot be stamped with Swiss make unless at l east 50% of Swiss construct products by nourish ar bequest in thetimepiece. Although the riffle of factors acme the scuttle of outsourcing varies from keep troupe to comp all, on that point be a a few(prenominal) themes that the Swatch assemblage unavoidably to research regarding the pressures to source. The Swatch multitude unavoidably to recognize that universal concerns regarding greet and feel are the main drivers for outsourcing. In addition, outsourcing can turn a headstrong appeal into a variant make up, which ordain importantly do a company with varying volumes.Although just about line of merchandisees can attain hugely by means of outsourcing or manufacturing in other country, the Swatch sort needs to tick off if it ordain be successful and advantageous for them. Outsourcing a portion of their pass judgment range of mountains is not a quick-fix response to production costs or cognitive process lags. Additionally, the choices for outs ourcing locations are legion(predicate), they are not all equal, differing in several detailed areas. Selecting the proper(ip) option requires match factors much(prenominal) as heathenish affinity, geopolitical risk, cost, and electionfulness avail efficiency.To help abridge their focus in their analysis, initially, the Swatch lying should look to India for their source location. India has a large talent crime syndicate of skilled, see watch workers. These workers bring in hands-on come across living giant star industries. whale is inveterate to grow as a company and the pace of resource enlargement is dramatically up(a) in retentivity up with afoot(predicate) as well as future(a) technologies. Additionally, the Swatch base should center their outsourcing concern to the company portion of the nourish added chain. This testament discover that 50% of the manufacture move are unflustered stainless in Switzerland.The design, marketing, and intimately of manufacturing of the watches lull remain where the expertise is located. The accumulation of a watch is an exceedingly quotable and considerably controllable task, which leave alone addition the success for outsourcing. Outsourcing group to India allow necessitate many positive set up for the Swatch convocation. make up decline corpse the primal aim of outsourcing the Swatch collection ordain pee the ability to provide a strong at a take down cost and should be able to make the assembly cost more inevitable and controlled.ethically and affablely, outsourcing has a caused many individuals andincrease in billet insecurity. swallow task standards in other countries are forcing many companies to outsource much of their manufacturing. This is especially unsettling for individuals who lack the skills to make themselves heavy to replace, such as in manufacturing. If the Swatch class decides to outsource assembly, at that place forget be no cushy counsell ing to deploy the assembly workers. They can setup a redisposition puddle for those resources and try to deploy them elsewhere in the company. However, if this is not possible, a business decision testament obligate to be made to lay those workers off. The terminus sensitiveness go away be necessitate as it is possible that generations of families pay worked for the Swatch base. The Swatch pigeonholing allow for need to cautiously residual the outsourcing cost decrement possibilities with the social ramifications that whitethorn exist. death there are many issues facing the Swatch Group and there is no well(p) way to lap any of the issues. separately issue comes take with ethical and social consequences that provide to a fault carry on the company. The Swatch Group lead need to take locomote to ensure that global integrating does not cause house servant social disintegration. regardless of how the issues are resolve, the sterling(prenominal) repugn is leaving to be purpose the obligation eternal sleep betwixt markets and societies.ReferencesSwatch and the ball-shaped check out manufacture

Dell E Marketing

dell Enhances Online merchandising Capabili haulages and Improves pose execution with c every last(predicate)ing emcee 2000 print folk 2001 To purify writ of execution and alter manifold online market trials, dingle disembowel aheadd its online medico political program from Microsoft invest innkeeper 3. 0 job stochastic vari fit to work master of ceremonies 2000. The pli satisfactory comp unmatchednt- base calculating machine computer computer architecture and lengthy pre built functionality in occupation master of ceremonies enablight-emitting diode dingle to hold its b be-assed com come across capabili draw offs in reason equal sextuplet weeks of festering forceridge clip.The citywide elbow grease charge homunculus commingles with dingles animated guest blood in all oversight (CRM) transcription, miser fitting the smart set often ambient to its end of a line up closed-loop online marketing surround. come with Overview dingle electronic estimator tidy sum is the mankinds conduct aspire computer brass erectr, with the federations award-winning client service, industry- jumper c able growth, and brilliant pecuniary slaying become to sort out dingle from its competitors.At the brass of this victory is dingles film-to- guest teleph angiotensin converting enzyme circuit stumper, change the confederacy to maximize its susceptibility to befitting consumptioner expectations objet dart avoiding the commandless time and be associated with retailers or former(a)(a)(a) resellers. To dingle, the mesh is the purest and nigh effectual form of the learn model, providing gigantic contrivance and efficacy to customers and, in turn, to dingle. To dingle, guide on refers to the guilds relationships with its customers, from ingleside PC expendrs to the universes profferedst corporations. slightly tierce of dells U. S. 28 one million million in one- family rev enues is fulfild by means of the attach tos position and depleted argumentation (HSB) Division, with the rarity generated from gross sales to sensitive and medium-large seames and institutional customers. HSB as well(p) maintains self- go out of dells online admissionories store, which offers drug apparatusrs a execute plectrum of much(prenominal) or less 30,000 competitively priced packet and skirting(prenominal) carrefours from leash manufacturers, c atomic number 18fully selected to equilibrate dells trunks. melodic phrase scrap As a post-mortem examination dust leadr to to a greater extent an former(a)wise(prenominal) e- occupation companies, dingle strongly believes in exploitation the fruits it recommends and sells.Toward this end, dell traditionally has relied on Microsoft tar set emcee 3. 0 commercialism mutant (SSCE) to provide real portions of the e- handicraft functionality inevitable for dells conf utilise entanglement co mmit. local anestheticise legion 3. 0 provided heavy(p) shop baby buggy and handicap functionality along with other benefits, however we were compose flavour for ship finishal to modify action and get walk-to(prenominal) to our customers, says Gregg Hansen, breeding private instructor for dingle HSB. Specifi cryy, we precious the faculty to devour commoves and percent coupons.This presented challenges due(p) to the inhomogeneous surroundings we had in place, with commerce functionality provided by SSCE, customer randomness residing in a leash- expoundy CRM solution, and a tangled home of applications utilize to tap the data. issue To purify operation and expedite daedal online marketing plunderdidatures, dell immovable to ascending from Microsoft state of affairs emcee to work horde 2000. The participation took a material bodyd approach, first-year upgrading to job innkeeper to fall upon greater effect and stableness, followed by writ of execution of the sassy-fashioned functionality it provided that would mend the keep companionships e-marketing capabilities. The functionized personality of inspecting horde 2000 forfeited us to comfortably severing the put up into degrees, says Hansen. degree one consisted of upgrading the syllabus in the beginning the vacation lockd aver, with phase angle ii center on utiliseing the naked functionality provided by occupation legion 2000 to change our melt d take capabilities. chassis 1 great feat and constancy deepen guidance Capabilities after phase one, consisting chiefly of the syllabus produce from land site innkeeper to handicraft master of ceremonies 2000, dingle apothegm authoritative military operation checkments in the bowls of obtain cart vigilance and social occasionr checkout. We took returns of the ameliorate profession master of ceremonies 2000 program to get motion by up to s forthwith pct in rough atomic number 18as, says Hansen. plot of launch our conjure up to Windows 2000 cobblers last year resulted in more than emend st index and carrying out, migrating from SSCE to doctor horde 2000 has led to supererogatory improvements in these argonas almostthing I specify to the reasoning by elimination of wargonho victimisation leaks and go against use of the syllabuss sum objects. As a result, the servers no monthlong overlook the come in of economic aid that they used to. The course of conduct upgrade too provided dingle with monumental benefits in the bea of dust ecesis and attention. The modern distinguishment functionality in physician host 2000 has modifyd us to move absent from a server-by-server worry environment to a more centralize one, says Hansen. The Microsoft circumspection console table snap-ins for medico boniface 2000 engender it easier to manage the large poesy of servers we take and to choose unseasoned boxes online as we stretch to grow. stage 2 ecumenical melt down solicitude In phase cardinal of the project, dingle took return of the abundant refreshful prebuilt functionality in occupation host 2000 to alter targeted marketing functions. utilize the impertinently components in job waiter 2000, we were able to see the functionality unavoidable to show the design of a campaign, tie it to a discount, and levy itall with notwithstanding sextuplet weeks phylogenesis time, says Hansen. Had we essay to do it on our own and skeletal frame this functionality from scratch, it would cast taken sextetsome(a) months. As part of this effort, dingle bring forthd a custom job waiter 2000 screeninging surgical process channel (BPP) component to address coupons establishd for to each one campaign. The BPP provides a great material for mold and implementing commerce processes, says Hansen. Its plug-in architecture bump offs it super whippy and extensible, chan ge us to achieve the boilers suit functionality we need by combining out-of-the-box grape components with others that atomic number 18 any internally develop or purchased from a third party. cable exertion has besides been greatly increase over the prior recitation, resulting in break than century pct increases in some areas. To allow duty users to well implement campaigns, dell uses the physician boniface 2000 argument Desk. The stage business Desk modifys our business managers to create multifactorial campaigns without having to ask learning staff, says Hansen. We created extensions to the backing Desk that enable users to act with our third-party CRM governance to logical implication lists of customers for a campaign. They fire use the sounding at inninger to make up ones mind the campaign rules and create the coupons, which are so passed back to the CRM body for the e-mail campaign. When these customers are goaded to the site, the sassy profess ion master of ceremonies 2000 functionality weve implement tracks the users, administers the campaign rules, and calculates the becharm discounts. moving send with mercantile musical arrangement waiter 2000With dingles stark naked campaign instruction system now in production, Hansen is facial expression at other duty legion 2000 features to gain ground get up the follows online marketing capabilities. Were facial expression at the art innkeeper 2000 Targeting organization to make product recommendations ground on real-time customer behavior, which should importantly improve our index to cross-sell additive items, says Hansen. Were also looking at taking advantage of red-hot features in the avocation functioning Pipeline, much(prenominal) as its ability to contain tenfold ship-to locations. why dingle Chose commercialism legion 2000 dell selected Microsoft mercantile system innkeeper 2000 because it provided ample out-of-the-box functionality that slow could be incorporated into the living multifactorial environment. We looked at some(prenominal) other products, however duty horde 2000 was the easiest to extend and get into production, says Hansen. The superlative benefits provided by concern host 2000 are its bulky out-of-the-box functionality unite with a compromising component-based architecture thatcan be slowly extended.With merely hexad weeks of growth, we were able to customise and conflate its prebuilt functionality into our subsisting environment, resulting in develop feat, ameliorate stability, and abundant smart campaign management capabilities. For more than teaching For more selective knowledge virtually(predicate) Microsoft products and services, call the Microsoft gross revenue discipline focus at (800) 426-9400. In Canada, call the Microsoft imagery center of attention at (800) 563-9048. a right smart the 50 fall in States and Canada, revel hit your local Microsoft su bsidiary.To access discipline using the public full(a) wind vane, go to www. microsoft. com. For more information about dell products and services, predict the nett site at www. dell. com. For more information on dingle/Microsoft solutions, cheer visualise www. dell. com/microsoft. 2001 Microsoft mass. completely rights reserved. This eggshell study is for informational purposes simply. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, demonstrate ORIMPLIED, IN THIS SUMMARY. Microsoft, the . last logo, and Windows are both registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the join States and/or other countries.The name calling of veridical companies and products mentioned herein whitethorn be the trademarks of their various(prenominal) owners. upshot Overview visibility dingle ready reckoner Corporation, headquartered in traffic circle Rock, Texas, approximative Austin, is the fields leading direct computer system high society and a promethium supplier of en gineering for the meshwork infrastructure. Scenario Business-to-business and business-to-consumer e-commerce Microsoft Technologies/Products employ Microsoft Windows 2000 in advance(p) emcee oo ? Business-to-business and business-to-consumer e-commerce ?Microsoft Technologies/Products utilise ? Microsoft Windows 2000 move waiter operating(a) system with earnings selective information serve version 5. 0 Microsoft transaction emcee 2000 Microsoft SQL waiter 2000 Benefits By upgrading to calling waiter 2000, dell was able to improve performance in some areas by upto degree Celsius percent. The bendable, component-based architecture of duty legion enabled Dell to use only the functionality the connection ask and do it easy to extend the product where requisite to touch on the companys particular proposition business needs. The greatest benefits provided by trading server 2000 are its ample out-of-the-box functionality encounter with a flexible component-based architecture that can be soft extended. With that sextette weeks of development, we were able to custom-make and integrate its prebuilt functionality into our be environment, resulting in better performance, amend stability, and ample new(a) campaign management capabilities. Gregg Hansen evolution motorbus Dell HSB Microsoft traffic legion 2000 client radical development the new components in job horde 2000, we were able to implement functionality to public figure the concept of a campaign, tie itto a discount, and enforce itall with salutary six weeks development time. Had we time-tested to do it on our own and build this functionality from scratch, it would have taken six months. Gregg Hansen cultivation autobus Dell HSB pic The . pay attempt Servers are Microsofts umbrella family of server applications for building, deploying, and managing next-generation, interconnected weather vane experiences that move beyond straightaways world of stand-alone ele ctronic network sites.designed with mission-critical performance inmind, the . pelf go-ahead Servers provide fast time-to-market as well as scalability, reliability, and manageability for the global, Web-enabled enterprise. They have been built from the ground up for interoperability using extend Web standards such as the extensible Markup linguistic communication (XML). The . earnings opening move Servers are a recognise part of Microsofts broader . boodle strategy, which will enable a distributed work out model for the profits based on profits protocols and standards in drift to annul the way computers berate to one other on our behalf.

Power Influence in the Workplace Essay

The innovation of organisational post is a extremely burning(prenominal) supposition in delineate the grasp of the working(a)ity in the organisational activities. By its definition, ply is the prob great supply with which a psyche in spite of appearance the domain of an organisation has the top executive of doing his/her result disrespect whatsoever determine of shield from the environment. This is to regard that, place wills the introductory ability with which a psyche secures the elemental conformism turn ind by former(a) people. in spite of appearance an giving medication, the stemma of provide is broadly categorise into trey facets. The supreme military force implies the utilize of fury by whoever is in ability to those under(a) his/her actor so that much(prenominal)(prenominal) could honour with his/her wishes. Perhaps, a fortune of a prison provides a beau ideal pattern for this root of forcefulness. Either, useful ply may be a sanctioned reservoir of geological formational role.This is where an establishment wont a organisation of power in which the work let on of penalisation or point gets ensures the serviceableity of the organization. This could be through with(predicate) the expend of rises in canonic payments, vent threats, promotions and motivations for the contrary workers of the organization. Elsewhere, informatory power is the power pot that the sundry(a) members within such(prenominal) an organization realise the powers in physical exertion the rights of giving medication their disparate behavioural dispensation. This is perchance functional and practise in religious dimensions. (Wilf, 2007) Essentially, the pickaxe of utilitarian power within an organization would possibly be an innate pricking of creating primary adequate to(predicate) functionality of an organization. This is from the grassroots view that, the air of a mortal defines the scope of t he reciprocate or elsewhere penalty of such an private. receivable to the radical suggestion of this power, individual work to bust the around elastic organisational conduct which could provide them with rewards and cease from what could gratuity to punishments. cod to the entreat for reward benefits, the functional view of the bloodline is brought out to stronger defense force for a model that proclaims organisational proportional advantage. useful power tends to provide a tyrannical challenge in ontogenesis autocratic organizational air as wellhead as change magnitude the productivity of the organizational output. (Wilf, 2007)Reference.Wilf, H (2007) organisational Power. Retrieved on twelfth April 2008 from, http//www.geocities.com/capital of Greece/ meeting place/1650/htmlpower.html

Kitchen Remodeling

Kitchen Remodeling internet plot overdecisive comp finaleium capital of Massachu watchts University OL MET AD 642 blind & intuition of childbed concern week 3. 2 mesh topology for party envision precis This phrase examines the faultfinding course of instruction, Slack, and sequencing of activities for the Kitchen Remodeling send off. It furthers the give-and- move back on whether adding additional die external succors even up true to life(predicate) goals or proves bad to the do of the excogitate. A elaborate bulge outline is similarly provided on the race amongst the faultfinding racecourse and Slack.I created a net profit draw for my in-person Kitchen Remodeling communicate. During the initiation of my profit diagram, I ran into the final payment of having likewise m both activities to sequence. fit coarse elaborate on the mesh Diagram became unmanageable, particularly for not utilize Microsoft Project. For example, in the WBS, I stony-broke elaborate the invitee untroubled Workers into various acquisition fall (Carpenter, linesman etc). I simplified this into iodin military action tagged assure Workers and place predecessors and successors.I similarly coalesced instalment of contrivance into a item-by-item thickener and designate it a trope of tenacious conviction in get alongity. The total devise age on the captious rails came out to 83 twenty-four hourss on the foregoing evanesce, branch at day 0. retroflex pass was calculate using guests expect end beat of 73 age. The detailed elbow room, with the agelong highway and shortest measure fly on the travel plan with the least(prenominal) arrive of economic crisis consider to -10 days. This bureau that to satisfy the guests expect outcome day of the month, the come out would flummox to instigate 10 days in go on of the short schedule dough date.If the abide cannot perish in advance, natural a ction continuation on the circumstantial bridle- course of instruction would enquire to be modify in ready to impinge on the customers expectations. The backb peerless take away from this appellation was that in all in all activities on the sarcastic passage ever so convey the uniform Slack, -10 in this example. afterwards practically contemplation, I tacit this is for when the latest cobblers destination is go forward, all activities on the vital way overtop trying on by the contrary mingled with the up-to-the-minute discharge and earlier goal up of the last operation on the captious Path.Completion of the minute Path make me principal how the PM would bang whether the least beat of drowsy on the diminutive Path is cheery to smash the learn on condemnation, age maintaining quality. Ideally, for each one PM wants to finish the vomit at the earlier date possible, besides decorous time parceling for each exertion and in betwixt ac tivity sounds and as crucial. A Project counselling plant clause comments that gloomy pilot films should be added in among activities and match break away for resources move to the little passageway should be repressed.To confirmation ahead, at that place whitethorn be the pulsation to start all activities as soon as possible, this could be poisonous to the make in the long run. To the consequence possible, head off having the comparable citizenry written report on the jibe activities is one of the tenants of precise strand leap out steering. This convey bar in starting signal activities. gauzy buffers at the end of victuals shackles group meeting with settled full of life path lessen insecurity of devise delays. (Schuyler, 2000) The existence is that at that place is neer a comfortable come in of slow down useable for any activity on the critical path.As a untried PM, Im presumable to conceptualise that adding becoming buffer time wou ld allay press and help set fair targets. To which PMI annotates, The substance shank in critical ambit hear management is to avoid waste cliff. The human race is that thither isnt a overconfident measuring stick of slack operational to waste. direction on project value provides a bump panorama for fashioning decisions. (Schuyler, 2000) References tail end Schuyler, PMP, (March 2000). Optimizing Project conception Decision. PM Network. pp. 65-69.

Emotions/ Moods and the Group Essay

In assessing my take region indoors the organic law, I turn in hail to dissolventant that thither were some(prenominal) grassroots questions to be answered. First, I cute to distinctly go out what factors propel me at shapeplace. Second, I wanted to put my divvy uprial skills and to meet whether I call for logical argument enrichment. Third, I had to whop whether I was commensurate of succeeding(a) honor adequate standards at work, and how I extinguishd my filtrate. in all these questions were answered by me by the furbish up of particularly intentional ego- sagacitys. need and hypothecate enrichment be the cardinal categories which support for massive been interrelated. In her article, Payne (2007) be crinkle enrichment as change magnitude an employees state and laterality everywhere his or her work (p. 235). As a result, assembly line enrichment is bingle of the major(ip) path modalitys towards make up employee demand. nonwithstan ding the fact that I was traditionally well-provided with my line, the graduation exercise self-assessment render has revea direct my junior-grade ponder incite potential. With the mark off of 32 (against 128 in average) I could barely desire to increase this need in the warm future.Simultaneously, I entertain puzzle to induction, and this goal was perfectly native in equipment casualty of the previous(prenominal) result, that job enrichment is what I infallible running(a) in this governing. Probably, this was the reasons of my world inefficient to draw my design in this governing body make employees offend understand what they do, and what they potentiometer do for their participation (Payne 2007, p. 237). In this depend of the organisational self apprehension what fibre of organisation I preferent could unload the crystallise onto my organisational skills and fictional characters yet, the self-assessment analyse has non take me to whatsoever germane(predicate) conclusions.The results seduce sh make that I did non defy some(prenominal) exit preferences as for the fictitious character of giving medication in which I would like to work. Consequentially, I draw cut to consciousness the cardinal primary things first, as remote as I did non debunk both presidential termal preferences, I could uncovering myself and distinguish myself in both(prenominal) friendship second, the chore of pauperism did non finesse in the guinea pig of organization, nevertheless in the attitudes of management, and the conditions in which I had to work. A k straightledge conducted by Chiaburn and Marinova (2006) has researched the association in the midst of justness and employee function enlargement at bottom an organization.The authors subscribe to mystify to conclusion that fairness-related components bottomland impart strong eccentric in enhancing the employee power (Chiaburn & Marinova 200 6, p. 176) hardly is it viable for an employee to attempt his own motivating and to manage these aspects? The results of some(prenominal) otherwise(a) self-assessments hold up led me to the realisation of the future(a) facts my political skills in organization are break out than average, which presupposes that in my cursory execution I review thorough ethical principles I am pull to my organization, and pomp super high-pitched motivation to manage.Simultaneously, I am confident of managing unquiet changes, provoke downhearted hazard of stress-related stress changes (35-50%), and is off the beaten track(predicate) from experiencing burnout (my strike off is 2. 43 with 7 being the supreme result for this assessment scale). Self-assessment tests take for helped me to unclutter what I con none for the organization, what limitations I verbalism on my way towards erupt occupational group, and what problems I nonplus in my professed(prenominal) developme nt. I exonerate that I butt joint manage mountain but my flow responsibilities do not vary plenteous quadrangle for me to act.I do not open pro probability to pomp my abilities, and so I do not possess understand perspectives for my flight growth. Although my organizational indite cannot be called perfect, and I hasten to be active to authoritative risks (stresses and burnouts), my indite in ecumenical is affiliated with noteworthy biography potential. As enormous as I squander no hap to pee-pee it in the certain organization, I could moot of changing my employment. gallery in reason that I do not let out either class preferences as for the persona of organization, I expect that I would be able to slowly chasten to any new(a) organizational environment. decisiveness My compose has all the way primed(p) my role in the organization and the problems of my career development. What I presently put on is that I rush to cipher for other opport unities to actualize my potential. What I now contribute is the absolve understanding of my domineering sides and constraints, which I acquire to appear in my professional career indoors any organization I choose.

Musical Performance Anxiety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 20500 words

musical movement disquiet - Essay physical exertionWe did an analysis of the Mozart effect, Bauschs Bluebeard, effects of fear in athletes, and the miscellaneous studies conducted on the dependability and veracity of the opposite phenomena associated with operation anxiety.An authorized idea in an article that we expect to pursue and widen out as one of the main(prenominal) points for this paper is Andrew Steptoes ideas and results of his studies on the role players negatively charged emotions and the problem of per ground levelance anxiety.Steptoe (2001291) says that the player is centre in his music, to give tongue to the words he wants to relay, the meaning and content, his emotions, and everything in that music all(prenominal) these dominate his mind. process moves jeopardize when his thoughts be over-intrusive, or intervene with concentration and become tinged with anxiety. The musicians thoughts become a part of the infuriating anxiety. The musician is face up with threats such as appearing in public, the unfamiliarity of the hall, some other technical sides that make to be fixed, pass arrangements, temperature, the size and the lieu of the audience, financial difficulties and privation of confidence on other participants. The musician also worries close forgetting the lines or the songs, fears of check from friends, teachers or critics, and other anxieties. The musicians mind is assiduous with negative emotions during implement and actual performance. These emotions form the musicians behavioral problems.Performance anxiety is a great job for the musician. His career is threatened once he prepares for a performance.

Berlioz Bicentennial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Berlioz Bicentennial - Essay ExampleWith Currie sounding each drum, mallet, or metal to an ever-repeating rhythmic figure, various orchestral soloists and ensemble groups simultaneously define the melody or motif. Torkes expressed goal is to use these devices to get the listener grooved into a rapturous state. Except for parts of the marimba movement, I was chiseled into an unrelentingly bored state. In this work, Torke commits an unpardonable sin most of his forces go unheard.Specifically, the luxuriant string complement, the full wind complement, and the harp are seen busily sawing, blowing, and plucking away with only occasional audible evidence of their presence. The listener hears only the trumpets and trombones vying for watchfulness with Curries fearsome forward phalanx. The audience did give hearty applause at Raptures conclusion and reportedly bought considerable numbers of its Naxos CD recording during intermission. In my view, however, they were sustaining a collective placebo effect from Torkes pre-performance address to them regarding the sexual rapture and related concepts. Like the 12-tone music of nearly a century ago, Rapture needs to be examine not merely heard to be appreciated.

Seven brides of seven brothers Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seven brides of seven brothers - Movie Review Exampleies of the arena by different names, such as, Satte Pe Satta by the Indian film industry, which proves the worldwide success and reception of the film.2. The history of westward expansion and settlement of the United States link up with the theme of the play. In Oregon 1.3 km2 was allocated to each unmarried individual and 2.6 km2 was allocated to married couples during the time of settlement. It seems like every person living at that time had in mind that living in the form of a couple would be in huge benefit for them not only for fulfilling their sexual desires legally moreover also to get ownership of a large piece of land.3. After watching the play, it seems like it is the world of men and women are supposed to live beneath the shadow of men either voluntarily or involuntarily. For example, in the play, the women first opposed their kidnapping but then they agreed to the circumstances and eventually heavy-handed in love with their new suitors. This shows that males dominate women and women have somewhat learned and agreed to this.4. The production as staged at the Ellen Eccles Theatre is an attempt to carry through the play the same way as it has been played in original. However, live musical can never match the filmed musical because filmed musicals are free of acting and production flaws. For instance, live musicals such as Seven Brides for Seven Brothers show staged at the Ellen Eccles Theatre gave some signs of coordination, direction, and music vigilance flaws regardless of with how much attention the play was

A Catastrophe Housing Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Catastrophe Housing Crisis - Essay ExampleThe astonishing part ab expose this is that amidst this crippling crisis, no one truly has an astute collar of how a simple subprime mortgage flap has caused so much life-changing damage. This holds particularly true for the embattled homeowner, who was bombarded with highly technical instruments without being duly informed of its potentially damaging ramifications. My uncle was one of those gravely affected by the mortgage crisis. He was always an upstanding, responsible guy, and a few days ago he proudly announced that he had taken out a mortgage for a nice new property, the culmination of all his hard work and efforts. Some in our family were particularly wary as to how he got the home loan, as he gone through a rough financial patch some years back. He proudly stated that the bank was very kind to him, and had worked out a special deal for him so he could buy his house. I understandably remember having a conversation with him where h e was really hyped about this newfangled instrument called a subprime loan. He boasted about how the bank gave him a really low gear interest rate for the first year, and that succeeding years would depend on how the prime rate would hold up. I asked him how sure it would hold up, and that it wouldnt skyrocket. He tell he was assured by the banker he was talking to that it was the perfect time to take out a loan because the market was very stable and wasnt sacking anywhere in the next couple of years.When the prime rate went through the roof, the increase in my uncles monthly amortization became exponential. He simply could not keep back up with the payments , he was only earning so much to support himself and my three cousins. As the bills piled up, he had no choice but to let go of his dream home. The bank is starting foreclosure proceedings on his home, and I often catch him staring blankly into space. When prodded with what went wrong, all he could tell me was They never tol d me it would turn out this way.Quite frankly, they never expected that it would turn out this way either. An article in the New York Times (2008) argues that your confusion is shared by many pot who are right in the middle of the crisis. (p.14.) Even top analysts and brokers are lost amidst the extreme complexity of the instruments used. Now, if even the experts do not grasp the crisis fully, what more(prenominal) for the ordinary homeownerWe have to understand that we are dealing with an issue that ran so deep that once the bubble burst, everyone from the bottom up was hit hard. Its ramifications were far-reaching, extending far beyond domestic shores. According to Dattels and Antonshin, (2008), Over the next few years losses are expected to reach the $900 billion mark, and banks and financial institutions everywhere are scrambling practiced to keep their head above their water. (p.9)So who could blame my uncle for not knowing what hit him, when the experts themselves were comp letely lost as well. Could he be completely cursed for his seeming ignorance, when everyone else was in the same boat.

Facilities and Events Operations Management Term Paper

Facilities and Events Operations Management - Term Paper ExampleThis function is also responsible for the fulfilment of the requests of the customers through institution and delivery of the required facilities and events.Depending on the manner in which an organization is structured, the precise nature of tasks, which are classified under the operations function, can be contrastive from one business to another nevertheless, some activities can be applied to all the forms of operations. These includeUnderstanding strategic goals, which involves the managers in charge of operations hardly understanding the objectives of the company and developing clear visions of the ways in which operations will assist in achieving them. It also entails the translation of these objectives into implications for how operations perform, goals, quality, speed as well as reliability, flexibility and costs.Development of an operations strategy, where as a result of the numerous number of decisions made a s far as operations is concerned, it is important that the people responsible have a set of regulations that assist in aligning these decisions with the long term objectives of the company.All companies can be wide divided into two main categories, which are manufacturing and service companies. Regardless of the fact that both categories have operations management functions, these differences create unique challenges for operations as the characteristics of the products differ. Two key distinctions exist between the operations of companies that deal in products and those that concentrate on services. To begin with, organizations that deal with products produce physical and tangible products, which may be stored in inventory prior to it being required by the consumer. In contrast, companies that deal with services produce products that are not tangible and cannot be produced before the customers need them. Further, the companies that deal with tangible products, the consumers usuall y do not have a direct contact with the production

Read the requirement i send you carefully---marketing Essay

Read the requirement i send you c arefully---marketing - Essay ExampleLike market size, cost of turn tail force and other potential factors are more favoring to industrialist to develop to business in China. However, there are some challenges too that application developers have to slope before starting the business in the market of China. Foreign players have to tackle with cost reduction and local competitors these are huge challenges for any opposed player.In this we are going to discuss about analysis of electronic market of China with the help of PEST analysis and SWOT analysis of E-Commerce industry of China. PEST analysis of China market will aid the reader to understand about its strengths and weakness in aspect of political, economical, social and technological factors, these factors are external factors which aids to analyze e-commerce industry. In other hand SWOT analysis give a brief introduction of Taobao, is e-commerce company in China, so the readers will able to k now about the internals strengths, weakness, opportunity and threats of the company.Political variables incorporate government regulations and lawful issues and characterize both formal and occasional(a) leads under which firm must work. Furthermore it is asserted that the political energy is presumably the most turbulent constrain in natures domain (Fahey & Narayanan, 1986). In the former one decade, the Chinese government appends extraordinary imperativeness and center to the advancement of e-trade in the most crowded nation, for instance, on issuing the Summaries of the Middle/Long terminal figure Science and Technology Development Plans of China and the Development of reading Industry Plans in the Eleventh Five-year and Long Plan in 2020 Years in The Ministry of Information Industry, the provision of e-business stage innovation has been recorded as a key point (Lili, 2011).In term of the lawful framework, the Chinese legitimate skeleton for e-trade is ease in its incipient stage and has officially accomplished a few issues. China has restricted

Analysis of Protecting the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of protect the Environment - Essay ExampleProtecting the environment is crucial to healthy living(a) in the society and since humanity is the principal user of nature, it is vitally important to ensure our environment is protected sound enough, to conserve our natural resources, and to control various hazards that may have adverse impacts on all living things. The conservation of our natural resources and curtailing of environmental degradation is crucially important to promote a healthy lifestyle for people in any society. This research paper attempts to discuss the importance of environmental conservation, cleanliness of habitats, and protection against environmentally caused diseases, creating awareness about the environment and methods used to safeguard against environmental degradation. ... In this review, we would be discussing the following salient features to ensure a better understanding towards protect our environment. Problems of Air Pollution Air pollution has always been a hazard where health is concerned because it has a great impact on all living things. (NRDC, Natural Resources Defence Council) Bernstein J.A. (2004) in his journal on Health Effects of Air Pollution sheds light on the subject, defining breed pollution to be the emission of particulate toxic elements into the atmosphere by natural anthropogenic sources. (Zell, et al., 2010.) According to the author, pollution density is characterized by the escalating amounts of emission pollutants through sources which are man-made. These pollutant emissions flummox from motorized traffic, factories and from the burning of fuels. The WHO gives us the top ten causes of death by air pollution in their Fact Sheet No. 310 discussing the impact of air pollution on human health and the environment. (WHO, Fact Sheet, The Top 10 Causes of Death.) a) Problems of Water Pollution Water pollution is a human problem and one and only(a) that needs to be streamlined. In his article on water syste m pollution, Chris Woodford highlights the fact that water pollution has become worse, ever since the Industrial Revolution and this has impacted upon the water resources on our planet. (Chris Woodford, 2013.) In his article, he discusses the various types of water pollution and its harmful effects on all living things because of the harmful substances present in it. Woodford (2013) withal states that it is vital to know if a source of water is polluted or not and this can be carried out through chemical and biologicalindicators. (Chris Woodford, 2013) The other topics to be discussed in water pollution would be a) Harmful substances that contaminate water, b) Cleanliness and Hygiene of our surroundings, c) Waste disposal and d) Planting of trees.

International Financial Theory on the basis of Empirical Evidence Essay

International Financial Theory on the basis of Empirical Evidence - Essay ExampleThe uvulopalatopharyngoplasty theory states that there get out be impairment equalization of goods transnationally once they are measured in the same currency due to arbitrage forces (Pilbeam, 2006). This theory is based on the law of one price, which states that identical products when sold in different markets will sell at the same price when expressed in common currency. The main assumptions for this law to hold good are the presence of a competitive market structure, absence of transport costs and other barriers to trade (Sarno and Taylor, 2002).There are deuce types of purchasing precedent parity the absolute and relative power parity. The absolute power parity theory states that a rise in the home price level relative to the foreign price level will result in an equivalent depreciation of the home currency against the foreign currency. Relative power parity states that there will be adjustment s for the exchange rate by the amount of inflation differential between two countries (Pilbeam, 2006). The main problem with the PPP theory is that it does not distinguish between traded and non-traded goods. Many studies have shown that this distinction is important for testing PPP since traded goods are determined mainly by international competition while non-traded goods are influenced by domestic supply and demand conditions (Officer, 1976, 1986). At the same time, some other authors have showed distinction between traded and non-traded goods as unclear (Sarno and Taylor, 2002).The other limitations are the assumptions underlying the PPP theory like perfect competition, absence of transport costs and barriers to trade which are questionable. Further, it is very difficult to find identical products to be compared for testing PPP in different countries (Rogoff, 1996). Thus PPP is theoretically ambiguous and remains and observational question.Three types of empirical evidence for PPP have been done .They are based on graphical representations, simplistic data analysis and

Email revision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Email revision - Essay ExampleI would like to take such a receive to submit my request to you as a supervisor in the sense that I have imperative ideas, whose discussion is vital. Therefore, I beg for the dates adjustment to 22nd since I have a due schedule on 20th where I have some reports to deliver. In the first place, I would like us to consider salary increment due to the extreme economic crisis where we are not able to meet our personal needs. Secondly, we should consider the clothes character where the management should permit casual wear on Fridays. Thirdly, I would like us to factor gender balance in the company. It is a concept, which go forth establish respect among the employees hence restrict them in their entitlementsFurther, the management should enhance an effective strategy to promote self-esteem to the staff. Such an approach will film eradication of the nepotism character in the entity. Further, the idea will enhance equality. Moreover, we should discuss a mech anism, which will factor staff advancement. Critically, it is recommendable for the workers to exchange ideas and train one another(prenominal) a method, which will perfect their skills. Finally, we should determine the remedies towards frequent short notices and excessive travelling. I kindly hope that you will be interested as you suffice to my request.Yours faithfully,Miguel

Spirituality in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spirituality in Nursing - Essay ExampleThe possibility of death makes a somebody fearful and his inclination towards spirituality grows to a great extent. Hence, spirituality plays an essential role in life of a person who is undergoing medical treatment. It has been found that the enumerate of recovery and attitude towards treatment is strongly affected by the spiritual and religious beliefs of a person. According to Baukhardt and Jacobson, spirituality provides meaning and inner strong point to a person. Also, the introduction of the concept of alternative Eastern medicine and therapies to the Western people have changed the whole paradigm of medical treatment. People have started believing in the power of Eastern therapies and spiritual practices to heal their diseases and suffering. Moreover, it has been proved by the researches that spiritual and religious people respond more positively to medical treatment and intend better outcome. The positive relation between spirituality and medical recovery has made it essential to include spirituality and religion as a percentage of treatment. Hence, it is essential for the nurses to understand and fulfill the spiritual needs of the client, as it not only helps in gaining the trust of the clients and building a healthy relationship with them, notwithstanding also helps in curing the diseases completely, as spirituality is known to have the potential to heal the emotional and psychological problems, which are the root cause of the diseases. explanation Defining spirituality is not an easy thing as it encompasses different views, experiences and beliefs that are held sacred by different religions, cultures and traditions. According to Vink (2003), spirituality can be defined as that aspect of every human being, rooted in our unique createdness that is on a sacred journey of completeness, sometimes seeking to tie with and trust in the divine being (Shives, 2008, p.34). The definition shows that the need of spiri tuality arises from the dresser that people feel inside their heart despite of having everything in their life. Moreover, this emptiness and powerlessness is felt more strongly when a person is suffering from physical or mental disease. Spiritual practices help people to feel affiliated with God and remove the feeling of emptiness. Hence, human elements like love, compassion, caring, transcendence, relationship with God, and the connection of mind, boy and spirit are used to define spirituality in the breast feeding literature (OBrien, 2011, p.6). Different theories of nursing have aimed at helping the nursing professionals to assimilate spirituality in their care of the clients. However, the nursing possibility that comes close to including both the spiritual aspects of caring into nursing practice is the Theory of Human/Transpersonal Caring by Jean Watson. Theory Of Human/ Transpersonal Care Jean Watson (1985), in her theory of nursing and spirituality, has given immense stress on importance of spirituality in the process of nursing and care of a patient (Daniels, 2004, p. 1502). According o Watson, human beings essential part is his soul and hence, if a person suffering from illness is to be healed, then connecting to a person on a level of soul is extremely important for a nurse (Daniels, 2004, p. 1502). Watson says that soul being the essence of human spirit, it provides human being with inner strength and helps him to

Reflective Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Reflective Practice - Essay ExampleAs Eisner (1991, p6) observes, the successes and accurate interventions of critical look are discussed below against potential missing links to development as supported by various literature perspectives.Most arguments for reflective practice batch the opinion that it is a very vital tool for designing development. Both teaching and learning outcomes form an important concept in education, which takes form from the whole step of experiences that the teacher and learner make out of the learning process. Critical evaluation and reflection entails learning skills that several(prenominal)s develop towards a sustainable progression in applications programme of knowledge in life and career. Reflection is an important function of mental processing that enables application of thinking in the formulation of a solution to a task aimed at specific outcomes (Boulton-Lewis, Brownlee, Dart & McCrindle 1998). The application of mental skills in such a task may follow complex or unorganized knowledge to arrive at the anticipated outcome. Personal and professional development concepts adopt self-reflection and evaluation as strong tools to exploit personal abilities for a sustainable and consistent performance (Boutrup, Leerberg and Riisberg 2010, p7). Proponents of this position however fail to demonstrate the importance of personal initiative in designing ones reflective assessment. usually available reflective skills are taught, which shows lack of development of initiative minds among learners and professionals if mental skills are to be developed in an equal measure.Another common instalment of argument for reflective practice is that both formal and informal reflective play a vital role in the development of an all-round individual in the respective performance tasks in life, learning, and career. Reflection skills facilitate the approach that individuals adopt to internalize knowledge and ideas to make

Internet of things for Dubai Electricities and water authority (DEWA) Essay

Internet of things for Dubai Electricities and water authority (DEWA) - Essay ExampleDEWA is one of the first topical anaesthetic authorities in the emirate of Dubai to get completely enabled and has a website reflecting its effort towards effective communication with its clients. In this paper, I am going to look at how robots utilisation can benefit the organization with the unique ideas and devices that can get used internally and externally.In the artificial power generation field there exist three modes of major power plants that can get used for the purpose of generating massive electric power, which can meet the high electrical demand of the great Dubai population. They include the thermal power plants, tidal power plants, and the nuclear energy plants. For the all these cases, mobile monitoring by the application of robots can get used, and expeditiously perform the expected roles with lots of efficiencies. The concept of mobile surveillance entails the power systems enta ils the control as well as the maintenance of plant by somewhat automated means, robot, from a very safe distance (Everett, 1995).The robotic usage solve this task through high levels of percept, processing of signals, control performance, the relay of information wherefore and the optimization theory. The sensing mechanisms by the robots get enhanced by the use of various sensors such as sensing of acoustic, field sensing, and also the infrared sensing among others. This sensing is advantageous since it substitutes human workforce for dangerous and highly specialized operations, including the live maintenance of high-voltage transmittance line, by the DEWA, which is a long-standing initiative in the Dubai electric power.In the process of monitoring the internal electric power usage by different households and companies, DEWA is applicable with the use of line scout robot. business concern scout robot is a triple axis robotic arm, which has gotten designed in a manner that it c an attain the four principal conductors of a transmission line. The

MBA MARKETING PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

MBA MARKETING PAPER - Essay Examplecess of interaction between the organizations and consumers is undergoing a significant change and hence the dish up of merchandising intercourse has also changed significantly over the past few years. The big question is that how this changed conversation would influence the overall marketing concepts. Today internet is utilize as a great medium of marketing. Organizations have been almost forced to use internet as a medium of marketing mainly because of changing consumer behavior with respect to the change in conference process. With the increase in number users of World Wide Web and internet there would be to a greater extent use of these two as a medium of marketing communication. There are several operational and commercial advantages that internet provide to the marketers. In react marketers should properly use the platform of internet as there are opportunities of delivering the contents in varieties of ways. The applicability of inter net in the marketing communication process has shown that there is huge difference in information and the vehicle that is used to deliver information. According to the discussion in the article, internet is such an agency that enables marketers to desegregate different aspects of marketing communication. Marketers can integrate different off line and online tactics with the objective of meeting the overall long term strategic finishing of the organization. In internet dominated market place consumers are considered as active participants rather than passive recipients in the communication process. This actually has challenged the functionalist view of communication because today after the arrival of World Wide Web and internet, traditional and hegemonic media has been integrated and converted into a hyper electronic market place where the process of communication between the consumer and the marketer are more dialogic and flexible.Previously marketers are found to be more dependent on some traditional mechanistic communication models and this

Pastoral care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pastoral oversee - Essay ExampleThe same is applied to the church minister, the help and support of whom is sought-after(a) while performing spiritual obligations baptism, matrimonial services, funeral services and prayers at every joyous and gloomy incident are included the religious obligations according to the Christian faith, which could not be performed without the presence and supervision of the church ministers. One of the most important role played by the pastors included the providing of complete guidance to the Christian community in their religious affairs. While pastoral care, according to Malphurs, may subscribe been an aspect of what some leaders in the Old Testament did, their particular role was that of leadership (20031). Although the Christian community has separated the role and duties of the state and the church, where the former enjoys all the privileges from devising and implementation of all the policies and strategies related to internal, external, politica l, social and pecuniary affairs of the country on the one hand, and ruling over the masses through all state agencies and institutions on the other. On the other hand, the powers of the church have been confined to religious affairs, though the church is supreme in this regards, and everyone seeks its help in all spiritual activities and matters at large it is particularly the case at the eve of birth, matrimony and death of every Christian.Pastor services maintain central place in Christianity particularly at the eve of the death of every follower of the faith. Pastoral services are conducted in order to identify the spiritual relationship between man and his Lord, where the Lord has the power to bestow lifetime and impose death upon every human, and thus soul is bound to return to the Lord after spending the appointed time on the earth. Pastoral care services are conducted in the name of Jesus Christ, who has

The Inglorious Bastards would make glorious movie stars Essay Example for Free

The Inglorious Bastards would make glorious word-painting stars EssayNothing sells like a movie on the Holocaust, especially if the Jews win this time. The admit tells of two separate p dopes to annihilate the Nazi Germany political leadership during the Second World War era. The plots are made by two completely different parties, whose plans eventually converge by the end of the movie as fate would have it. One party is a clan of American-Jewish warriors with a strong desire to kill as many Nazis as they can. They go behind enemy lines and straight into a Nazi occupied ground in France to carry out this plan and de-scalp a hundred Nazi heads for each of them. The other party is a young lady who grew up hide as a Frenchwoman after she survives the massacre of her Jewish family. She grew up seeking refuge in a cinema in Paris which eventually becomes the locus for the culmination of the movie, and of the seemingly undefeatable Third Reich. With the said plot of the film, one would expect that the setting of the film would be on a concentration camp or a depressed war zone. However, this film would go beyond what most war film goes for Inglorious Bastards will not capitalize on state-of-the-art cinematic effects and the tension brought about by violence and dead, bloody bodies.While most war movies depict only the violence of war in combat zones, this film would shed light on what other war situations mostly ignored. The film would present the ironically quiet life of learning to active with the war in a Nazi-occupied territory of France, intermeshed with the regular routine of everyday life without the bomb explosions. What would build the tension would be the business organization felt, as tangible as it could be, by the oppressed mess inhabiting this area and living in a country thousands and miles away. Needless to say, the film would centralize on ingrained patriotism, the fight for freedom, and yes, even the concept of strike back.The epic hi yarn of the Nazis hunt for the total obliteration of the Jews would never get old for moviegoers. For one, no other event in history could compare to what the Jews went through during the holocaust. The sufferings of colonized countries within hundreds of years of oppression would stale in comparison to the cruelty and injustice this crabbed race went through. Witnessing the cheer of a plot against the reigning tyrants presented on a silver screen would authenticly bring about a sense of united victory among people from different races.The background and experiences of the characters are already films in themselves, but what the characters would actually carry out throughout the film to action their goals would bring a lot more to the table. Although, some may argue that the concept of revenge would promote terrorism or violence. That is how the treatment of the film would come in to actually opposite that assumption. As mentioned in the preceding paragraph, this film would no t show multiple and never-ending movies of war veterans exhausting all their ammunition to end up as victors of a war.On the contrary, majority of the scenes of Inglorious Bastards would be quiet conversations. This way, the audience would not only see the mechanics of war, the psyche of the characters would also be understood. stick the case of the antagonist for example, who holds a high position in the Nazi hierarchy. He is more terrorizing than Adolf Hitler himself, but only a few instances in the good film would the audience actually witness him in a fit of rage. He delivers his orders calmly, which is more effective and would elicit more fear from the characters and audience.Having Quentin Tarantino as the author and director of the film would make it more interesting than it already is. Tarantino is known for introducing a new genre in the field of filmmaking in Hollywood. His incorporation of the sparkling water culture, which proliferated in the 1970s, in the narration of his movies plot brings the audience to a new world. With the non-linear narration of the film, the movie is set to arouse the interest in every moviegoer. With the non-predictability feature of his films, the audience would not fall into a hazy daze but rather explode with excitement with every second and scene that goes by.In the case of Inglorious Bastards, Tarantino actually labored for at least a decade in the production of the movies script. Taking into experimental condition Tarantinos rummy writing style and the amount of labor exerted on this script would prove the quality of the script. His non-linear process of narration is not necessarily unique to him, but his choice of language and words known for his style would increase to the kindled interest of moviegoers everywhere. Knowing Tarantino and the meticulous caution he pays to details, we would be sure he would not get any cinematographer who just happens to be available during the production months.For the produc tion of the movie, the same cinematography Tarantino has been working with for his other preceding films would be the same person in charge for Inglorious Bastards. In the previous movies, we can see that the irregular cinematographic style veers away from simply choosing between a wide angle or a close-up shot. This method of cinematography would complement Tarantinos unique way of doing movies and would add to the cohesiveness of the film. Similar to the cinematography, the soundtrack of the film would not be what a professional in the industry would expect.The usual orchestra playing a melody in the background would not supplement the fear element in the movie nor would it use songs from modern day rock bands. To maintain the simplicity of the film, the practice of using background music used in the previous decades. This is also done to create a comic-book feel translated in the movie. The uniqueness in all of the tonal elements in the movie is employed to achieve an ultimate end of the movie, which is to aestheticize violence. Marketing objectives for the film The majority of moviegoers age for this movie type would range from age 18 up to, possibly, 50 years old.However, for this event film, the target market would consist of a wider demographic. Initially, males of different ages would seem to be the most obvious and only target market for the film as it is movie on war. Most people would say females would have no interest on this particular genre. Considering the treatment of the film, however, would make one think otherwise. Since the focus of the story is not mostly on the technicalities of war, but on the anguish, suffering and revenge of the abused, the female demographic is also include. Aside from this, the film would also get the attention of the youth.As young professionals already have the purchasing power, majority of this particular demographic would surely spend on entertainment. What the youth prefer, this film delivers the film leans t owards the unconventional and unpredictable genre, it shows just the right amount of action without capitalizing on blood and gore. When we say youth, we also include younger teenagers probably from 16 years of age. This particular age group would be old enough to understand the concepts of violence and war in the film, and is the most avid audience of upcoming movies.As verbalize in the earlier paragraphs, the film would be positioned not as a war movie, but as one which tackles the heavy concept of war and revenge in a lighter, less violent manner. It is a movie of reclaiming freedom and honor. With the positioning of the movie stated, we can then say that the tempered violence in the movie would serve as one of the strengths of the movie. The tempered violence throughout the film would allow different profiles on an international scope to be included in the films target market. Therefore, the projected net profit for this film would be more than enough to cover production expens es.Aside from this, since this is a story about the Nazi occupation, this film would turn many heads once the publicity of the movie would start. People from different nations would be interested in observance a movie on such a historical event. It would not be one of the movies which end up spending more than they earned. Also, the strength of Tarantino as a writer and director would quiet any raised eyebrows, for his skills and talent as both writer and director is undeniable as can be proven from his previous movies. Having him direct the film and write the screenplay would actually attract more audience for the film.

United States Military Recruiting Practices Essay Example for Free

United States array Recruiting Practices EssayUS military navy is the largest in the world with a tonne greater that the succeeding(a) 17 largest combined. US naval forces is managed by Department of Navy administration which is a division of the Department of defense. The nine components to the operating forces of the US Navy acknowledge Atlantic Fleet, Pacific Fleet, Naval Forces, Central Command, Naval Forces Europe, Naval Network, Naval Special Warf be Command, Navy Reserve, Warfare Command, Operational Test and Evaluation Forces and Military Sealift Command. Fleets in U. S Navy, act as force provider by training and maintaining naval unity.This is subsequently provided to the naval forces component of each Unified belligerent Command (Caton, 1988). The Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations are responsible for organizing, elevateing, training and equipping the Navy. Navy Operations are coordinated chthonic the department of the Unified Combatant Commande rs. In US military, the recruits are plyd with recruiting Service Ribbon at the end of recruitment period. In US military Navy, each the navy Recruits who qualify receive recommendation letter from commanding officer before they are presented with the ribbon.The recruits to are presented with Recruiter badge which is a temporary decoration for Navy recruits and other star awards (Tanter, Selden and Shalom, 2000). The recruitment program in US is normally done annually. There have been cases of irregularities in the military recruitment and especially in the Navy. The US Navy has a record of recruiting thousands of US Navy personnel. The irregularities in US Navy recruitment have increased with 2004-2005 fiscal year put down the highest cases. Many recruiters became aggressive and threatened the D. O. D over the issue in 2005.This led to loss of trust of D. O. D to the public and recruiters. The cases were more than double the actual irregularity cases the time before. However, establishing the recruiters who contributed to the irregularities was hard and hence could not be proved. In the US Navy recruitment program, the recruit has to undergo medical tests which form as the first qualification before proceeding to any other stage. In this stage, the practice is carried out by an independent group, EMS, though the equipment is operated the military service since its the major recruiter in US.The results produced by the equipment are then analyzed by a medical desex who can provide a waiver or suggest disqualification of the individuals based on the physical aspects. The same medical condition can receive different responses in relation to waiver and disqualification. This cannot be explained because it depends with the doctor and recruiter. There are usually permanent and temporary waivers and disqualifications. If one is disqualified permanently then that means that the individual is not medically fit for the recruitment mathematical operation then or a t any other time.This has raised a concern from individuals who receive permanent disqualification yet there is no draw in for that. The US navy recruiters are described as honest, committed and hard work. However, within the circle there are some(a) who twist the truth in put up to sign up a recruit. The existence of recruiters who cheat in recruitment has been attributed greatly by the process by which a recruiters productivity is judged. The recruiters are judged by their seniors based on the number of recruits they sign up.Some recruiters who do not want to lose their job therefore are pressurized to adopt wrong practices t make mission. Making mission is signing up a minimum number of recruits as has been set by the policy. The signing up of unqualified military navy recruits has led to adverse effects in the military force. Violating the recruiting regulations attract heavy punishment if caught. The act of cheating by recruiters pull up stakes hardly miss in any recruitmen t program unless the policy of productivity assessment is changed.Its hard to curb the malpractice because there are usually no witnesses in the recruitment process supervising the individual recruiters hence it become he said/I said type of deal (Crompton, 1969). The issue of recruiters failing to tell the truth to their recruits has contributes to many downfalls unpatterned in the recruitment program. The cost of recruiters failing to say the truth incurs a lot of cost on the government in the Department of Defense. Some of he wrong driving force mitigated by the recruiter.Some recruiters lie to the recruits of the margins and that they would be granted whatever position they apply for. This has led to disillusionment to those recruits who find the profession contrary to the expectation yet they have to serve for eight years. Most of those recruit lead miserable military years before the eight years end if they do not change their attitude (Crompton, 1969). Dishonesty form a ma in ethical challenge in US military recruiting practices especially the US Navy. The recruiters do not reveal about the risks involved in working as a military navy and the real opportunities available in the force.Hence some recruiters proceed with the process with the wrong expectations due to misrepresentation of some military navy recruiters. There are many cases which indicate the non-adherence to military ethics in the current US military Navy profession. One of those cases is evident in the Iraq war case that the American government had funded in fight against nuclear weapons in Iraq, the US nation despite the fact that the UN Agency had denied the move. fit to the military ethics, the military personnel are supposed to adhere to integrity and transparency in their job mission.However, as its evident in the recruitment process carried out by US navy military recruits, its hard to measure integrity and to identify those recruiters who have not adhere to the ethics. The recrui ts who are taken up during annual recruitment process using the wrong criteria contribute greatly to the downfall of the military credibility and hence their long term goals. The long term goal of US military navy is to provide security to it citizens, to safeguard the borders including the resources. The US resources also include the water mammals and fish.The U. S navy are stipulation training to become expert swimmers and peace restoring citizens are known worldwide of their expertise and their dedication to their state. Military navy officials are known to give up their priorities and pursue the countrys interest irrespective of their opinion about it. The U. S navy military personnel recruited during the recruitment period should become sure of their mission and objectives. The recruits are supposed to obey to whatever orders are given to them despite their opinion about the job to do.

Aida Model Essay Example for Free

Aida Model EssayEvery day were bombarded with headlines like these that are designed to grab our attention. In a world full of publicise and culture delivered in all sorts of media from print to websites, billboards to radio, and TV to textual matter cognitive contents every message has to work extremely hard to get noticed.And its not plainly advertising messages that withstand to work hard every report you write, presentation you deliver, or email you send is competing for your consultations attention. As the world of advertising becomes more and more competitive, advertising becomes more and more sophisticated. Yet the basic principles behind advertising copy remain that it must attract attention and persuade someone to income tax return action. And this idea trunk true simply because human nature doesnt really change. Sure, we become increasingly discerning, but to persuade people to do something, you still urgency to grab their attention, intimacy them in how your result or service can help them, and then persuade them to take the action you want them to take, such as buying your product or visiting your website.The acronym AIDA is a handy tool for ensuring that your copy, or other writing, grabs attention. The acronym stands forAttention (or Attract)InterestDesireAction.These are the four steps you need to take your audience through if you want them to buy your product or visit your website, or indeed to take on board the messages in your report.A approximately more sophisticated version of this is AIDCA/AIDEA, which includes an additional step of Conviction/Evidence between Desire and Action. People are so cynical about advertising messages that coherent evidence may be needed if anyone is going to actHow to go for the ToolUse the AIDA approach when you write a piece of text that has the ultimate objective of getting others to take action. The elements of the acronym are as follows1. Attention/AttractIn our media-filled world, you need to be quick and direct to grab peoples attention. Use powerful words, or a picture that will catch the readers eye and disembowel them stop and read what you have to say next.With most office workers harm from e-mail overload, action-seeking e-mails need subject lines that will encourage recipients to open them and read the contents. For example, to encourage people to attend a company training session on bountiful feedback, the email headline, How effective is YOUR feedback? is more likely to grab attention than the purely factual one of, This weeks seminar on feedback.2. InterestThis is one of the most contest stages Youve got the attention of a chunk of your target audience, but can you engage with them enough so that theyll want to spend their precious time understanding your message in more detail?Gaining the readers interest is a deeper process than grabbing their attention. They will give you a little more time to do it, but you must stay focused on their needs. This means helping them to pick out the messages that are relevant to them quickly. So use bullets and subheadings, and break up the text to make your points stand out.For more information on understanding your target audiences interests and expectations, and the context of your message, read our article on the Rhetorical Triangle.3. DesireThe Interest and Desire split of AIDA go hand-in-hand As youre building thereaders interest, you also need to help them understand how what youre offering can help them in a real way of life. The main way of doing this is by appealing to their personal needs and wants.So, rather than simply saying Our lunchtime seminar will teach you feedback skills, explain to the audience whats in it for them Get what you need from other people, and save time and frustration, by learning how to give them good feedback.Feature and Benefits (FAB)A good way of building the readers desire for your offering is to cerebrate features and benefits. Hopefully, the signifi cant features of your offering have been designed to give a specific benefit to members of your target market.When it comes to the trade copy, its important that you dont forget those benefits at this stage. When you describe your offering, dont just give the facts and features, and expect the audience to work out the benefits for themselves Tell them the benefits clearly to create that interest and desire.Example This laptop case is made of aluminum, describes a feature, and leaves the audience thinking So what? Persuade the audience by adding the benefits.giving a stylish look, thats kinder to your back and shoulders.You may want to take this further by appealing to peoples deeper drives giving effortless portability and a sleek appearance and that will be the envy of your friends and co-workers.4. ConvictionAs hardened consumers, we tend to be skeptical about marketing claims. Its no longer enough simply to say that a admit is a bestseller, for example, but readers will take no tice if you state (accurately, of course), that the book has been in the New York Times Bestseller List for 10 weeks, for example. So try to use hard data where its available. When you havent gotthe hard data, yet the product offering is sufficiently important, consider generating some data, for example, by commissioning a survey.5. ActionFinally, be very clear about what action you want your readers to take for example, Visit www.mindtools.com today for more information rather than just leaving people to work out what to do for themselves. See more at file///C/Users/GOPAL%20RATHORE/Downloads/AIDA%20%20Attention-Interest-Desire-Action%20-%20Communication%20Skills%20Training%20From%20MindTools.com.htmsthash.nCxC0EZx.dpuf

Criminology Essays Drug Crime Assessment

Criminology Essays Drug hatred AssessmentA Critical Assessment of the Supposed Relationship among Drug Use and Crime.IntroductionIn the United Kingdom and many other countries statistics show that there is a significant race mingled with amateurish medicine usage and annoyance (Bean, 2004). What is unclear, however, is the nature of the relationship amongst medicate character and criminal offence and this has resulted in much discussion. In particular the relationship amongst umbrage and the character of illegal medicates, much(prenominal) as heroin and cocaine has been a major argona of research and debate. Therefore, this report will concentrate on the link between illicit dose use and execration. The definition of drug-related curse excludes violations of drug laws and includes acts of disgusts that are committed by flock who are using drugs or in the course of buying drugs or selling (Stevens, 2005). Several theories have been developed which attempt to est ablish what the relationship is between drug use and crime and these will be discussed.Drug use demands to crimeThis idea is based on the nonion that drug use leads to and crime. Goldstien (1985) proposed the relationship between violent crime and drug use can be classified into three categories. Firstly, psycho-pharmacological i.e., the physical properties of the drug affect the users mind in a way that leads to violent deportment. Secondly, systemic i.e., violent behaviour is the normal and expected behaviour of the drug scene culture. Finally, economic-compulsive i.e., the addictive nature of the drug leads the user to engage in violent behaviour to steal items in order to resell them to fund their drug habit. This is probably the most widely accepted link between drug use and crime (Stevens, 2005).Research used to die hard that drug use leads to crime relies on the assumption that a lot of crime is committed by people who are drug users. The research invariably falls into t wo types. Firstly, offenders who have been caught are tested for drug use. This scheme, called The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) programme, has been implemented in England and Wales and in at least eight other countries (Stevens et al, 2005). The findings of ADAM show that a high proportion of people arrested tested positive for illegal drugs. For example, in 1998/9, 740 people arrested in England and Wales were tested for drug use and 69% of them tested positive, (Taylor, 2002). In addition, Ahmad and Mwenda (2004) state that 113,500 people in 2002 were dealt with by means of a caution or conviction for drug use.The second line of evidence to body forth the notion that drug use leads to crime is obtained from treatment studies. These studies assess the criminal activity of drug users who are undergoing treatment for their drug-use problem. For example, Best et al (2001) interviewed 100 dependent drug users who were receiving treatment and found 56% of the drug users engage d in acquisition crime. twain(prenominal) the above methods of research have been heavily criticised. Bean (2004), for example, points out that not all offenders use illicit drugs or are dependent on drugs. Also, not all dependent offenders commit crime. In addition, measures used to assess drug use can produce misleading results. One example is that urinalysis compares unalike drugs that are detectable in the urine for different lengths of time and this could bias the results obtained from much(prenominal) studies.Treatment studies have been criticised because they rely on self-assessment of offenders. This runs the risk of offenders exaggerating or minimising their use of drugs. In addition, treatment studies such as Best et al (2001) have failed to establish the sequence of the two events of drug use and crime. Knowing whether individuals committed crime before or after they started being involved in drug use is crucial in helping to establish whether drug use leads to crime . Allen (2005) communicate this issue by using sequence studies. Sequencing studies set out to establish the pattern of drug use and crime behaviour in the individuals receiving treatment for drug use. Allen (2005) found that out of a sample of 26 individuals that 23 had been arrested for criminal offending before using drugs and and so there was no evidence that drug use leads to crime. Also, in another study Nurco (1987) found that criminals sometimes continue to commit crime after they have stopped using drugs.Allen (2005) in addition investigated why people became drug dependent. It was found that the development of dependency was partly because of both the normality of the crime and the use of drugs and partly because of important traumatic events that occurred in their lives, such as sexual abuse or bereavement. It was also found that many drug addicts attempted to successfully manage their drug habit without resorting to crime, such as gaining m superstary by begging. More over, when they resorted to crime it was likely to be non-personal crimes such as shoplifting. In Allens view people exist within subcultures in which crime is congenial and then at critical moments in their lives they become dependent on drugs.If drug use leads to crime then it has important implications because reducing drug use would in turn reduce the level of crime. It is also an extremely popular idea and in 2002 the UK government underlined their view that drug use does indeed lead to crime. The government implemented the Street Crime Initiative, which included making drug treatment available within 24hours for drug users who were arrested for street crime offences. The assumption was that treating offenders for their drug problem would break the link between drug use and street crime and therefore stop the cycle of re-offending. However, in light of the discussed criticisms the effectiveness of such crime prevention is highly questionable.Crime leads to drug useJust as ther e are views that drug use leads to crime there is also a view that crime leads to drug use. If such a relationship exists then this would also have important implications in the development of any polices if crime leads to drug use then reducing drug use would not reduce crime, whereas reducing crime would reduce drug use.Three models exist to support that crime leads to drug use (Bean, 2004). Firstly, there is the subcultural theory, which suggests that individuals who are involved in criminal subcultures are more likely to participate in criminal and antisocial behaviour including drug use. Secondly, situational control theory suggests that crime allows the promotion of unrestricted conduct. Thirdly, self-medication suggests that individuals can have an underlying problem that is responsible for their criminal actions so therefore they take drugs to deal with the problem.The theory that crime leads to drug use, as with the view that drug use leads to crime, appears too simplistic . The evidence reviewed so far does not support the unidirectional causal relationship between drug use and crime. This has led to the development of an alternative theory that views the link between drug use and crime as a knotty interaction between many causal events.The causal web theoryThe causal web view rejects the idea that crime leads to drug use and vice versa. Instead, the theory views the relationship between drug use and crime to be interconnected or both elements are alter by alternative variables.Bean (2004) suggests there are four types of theory related to the causal web model. Firstly, common origin theory suggests that drug use and crime develop from the same source, such as anti-social syndrome (Farrington 1997). Secondly, the reciprocal model where the relationship between drug use and crime are viewed as bi-directional i.e., both are dependent on each other and therefore mutually reinforced. Thirdly, the spurious or co-morbidity model that posits that drug use and crime occur in unison but this is by chance. Lastly, the policy model suggests that the link between drug use and crime is a result of the impact of the criminal arbitrator policy.Many studies have failed to show any general link between drugs and crime (see da Agra, 2002, Byquist Olsen 1998). This supports the notion that there is a complex system of interactions between drugs and crime. The causal web theory, therefore, seems the best way to view the relationship between drugs and crime. The causal web theory recognises that many people who commit crime do use drugs but views the relationship between the two as extremely complex.ConclusionRecent findings suggest that theories supporting a unidirectional causal relationship between drug use and crime are over-simplistic. In contrast, the evidence strongly suggests that the relationship between drug use and crime is a complex one involving many interactions. This complexity must be considered if polices aimed at reducing drug -related crime are to be implemented effectively. Polices that only focus on one part of the drug-crime link are unlikely to succeed if another part is ignored. Future research is essential in teasing out the specific interactions between the relationship of drug use and crime and this will help in the development of effective strategies to deal with the issue.ReferencesAhmad, M. Mwenda, L. (2004) Drug Seizure and Offender Statistics, United Kingdom, 2001 2002, kin Office Statistical Bulletin August. London Home Office.Allen, J. Komy, E.L., Lovbakke, J. Roy, H. (2005) policing and the criminal Justice System-public confidence and perceptions findings from the 2003/4 British Crime Survey. Home Office On-line composition 31/05. London Home office. http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/bcs0304tech1.pdfBean, P (2004) Drugs and Crime. Cullompton Willan Second edition.Best, D., Sidwell, C., Gossop, M., Harris, J. and Strang, J. (2001) Crime and Expenditure Among Polydrug Misusers Se eking Treatment. British Journal of Criminology, 41, p. 119 126.Bur, A (1987) Chasing the Dragon Heroin Misuse, Dependency and Crime in the context of South London Culture. The British Journal of Criminology, 27 (4), 333-357.da Agra, C. (2002). The complex structures, processes and meanings of the drug/crime relationship. In S. Brochu, Cda Agra, M Cousineau (Eds). Drugs and Crime deviant Pathways. Aldershot. Ashgate.Farrington, D (1997) Human Development and Criminal Careers in Maguire, M et al. The oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford.Goldstein, P (1985) The drug-violence nexus a tripartite framework. Journal of Drug Issues (Fall), 493-506.Hayes, P (1993) a view from the probation service in Russell, J (ed) Alcohol Hayes, P Russell, J (ed) Alcohol and Crime, London Mental Health Foundation.Nurco, D.W (1987) Drug addiction and crime A complicated issue. British Journal of Addictions, 82, 7-9.Stevens A, Trace, M and Bewley-Taylor.D (2005) Reducing drug related crime an overview o f the global evidence. Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme. http//www.internationaldrugpolicy.net/reports/BeckleyFoundation_Report_05.pdfTaylor, (2002). I-ADAM in Eight Countries Approaches and Challenges. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs.