Editing Example

Editing Example Editing – Essay Example In conclusion, Blue Brush hair studio based in Qatar seeks to surpass its competitors and to be successful inside and outside Qatar. It aims to offerbest services to distinguish it from other competitors. In this paper, we developed a strategic plan, which is useful for maintaining the unique success and achieving the target of growth. Our plan analyzed the internal and external environments, to address the studios strengths and weaknesses. The paper also discussed external opportunities and threats. We used the manager interview results, the employees’ survey, and the customers’ survey. Blue Brush’s hair studio quality and service are the major strengths that have to be maintained. On the other hand, we have some recommendations for the studios weaknesses especially in regards to the location. We applied the Mckinsey 7-S Model, which includes shared value, style, system, structure, strategy, skills, and staff to have a profound look at the studios management. Furthermore, the external environment was assessed by using Porter’s Five Forces Model. The model addresses five competitive areas that have an effect on Blue Brush’s hair studio performance in the market. Besides, the paper presented strategic map diagram and the industry lifecycle stages. Particular emphasis was the position of Blue Brush hair studio in the current studio services industry. The analysis comprehensively compared between the studio and its direct competitors. After the inclusive study, we listed some SMART objectives. Finally, we developed an implementation plan for four selected goals, which we believe are the most helpful for Blue Bush hair studio at this stage. Editing Example Editing – Essay Example I selected this dish in keeping with the idea that diets without meat are the healthiest diets. We are trying to make a green, healthy dish. We started by using five flavorful and healthy vegetables as the basis for our dish. These include tomatoes, zucchinis, green and red peppers, and onions. These all contain important nutrients such as carbohydrates, fiber and vitamins that must be consumed each day. Peppers and zucchinis contain much more vitamin C then the others, but they all are very healthy. These five kinds of vegetable can deliver an individual’s daily value of vitamin K, B-6, A, and vitamin E. Next, we considered adding eggs provide the dish’s fat content. Eggs are also one of the only foods that contain naturally occurring vitamin D. Our third consideration was how many calories the dish should have. We are all females in our group and have calculated that given our average weight and height, age and activity level, we should consume about 2608 calories per day. In this dish, we have 88 calories from tomatoes, 60 calories from green peppers and 46 calories from a red pepper, 4 calories from onion, 20 calories from zucchini, 120 calories from olive oil, 360 calories from eggs and 230 calories for a wheat wrap for a total of 928 calories. This would account for the major meal of the day. Our final consideration in planning this dish was economic. All of these ingredients are fairly cheap and easily available at the supermarket. We believe this dish is very healthy because of the wide variety of nutrients and vitamins found in the ingredients. Editing Example Editing – Essay Example For Dr. Pack, our UPenn gastroenterologist collaborator, to test the toxi of compound 2 in the zebrafish bioassay, we provided Dr. Porter with the compound.At the end of the chemical reaction session, a certain research grouped challenged that they were in a position to isoflavone using AlCl3in dioxane. In this case, the group did not state any conditions for this reaction to take place. As such, I decided to optimize the reaction conditions starting with the model compound Chromanone. In this case, I mixed chromanone and AlCl3 in dioxane and then refluxed the content for 3 hours. Unfortunately I did not obtain positive results and hence I was prompted to repeat the procedure. In this attempt, I decreased dioxane’s volume from 50 ml to 20 ml, used 10% of AlCl3, and I prolonged the reaction time from 3 hours to 12 hours. During the reaction, I monitored the proceeding using TLC. However, I did not obtain the intended products after several tests. In the third attempt I changed most of the conditions and measured used in the first two trials. In this case, I used 0.500 gm of chromanone in 20 ml dioxane and 0.40 mg of AlCl3 which represents 10% of the starting material. I also reduced the frequency of monitoring to 2 hours. After the first two hours, the starting materials had completely disappeared. This indicated that I had optimized TLC condition, by using different ratio of ethyl acetate and hexane. Then, I ran prep-TLC and I realized 4 different compounds. I then separated these 4 new products and conducted tests by NMR. However, the 4 compounds did not match the expected NMR spectrum of the desired product.My failure in these experiments prompted me to carry out research in journals and other materials. In this case, I came across some work discussing ring opining reaction on isoflavanones. The source has indicated all the condition and the details about the experiment. However, the source suggests that I should use LiAlH4 which is a hazardous chemica l. We had training with Dr. West on pyrophoric materials and now we are fully prepared to do the reaction.

Evolution essays

Evolution essays People have always wondered how life originated and how so many different kinds of plants and animals arose. Myths and Theories of a supernatural creation of life developed among many peoples. The Bible, for example, tells of God's creation of humans and other higher animals over several days. Many people also believed that insects, worms, and other lower creatures spontaneously generated from mud and decay. Long after these stories became rooted in tradition, scientists began to question them. In my report, I will discuss these different theories The definition of evolution is included below, directly from Websters Dictionary. evolutionPronunciation: "e-va-'l-shunFunction: nounEtymology: Latin evolution-, evolutio unrolling, from evolvereDate: 16221 : one of a set of prescribed movements2 a : a process of change in a certain direction. b : the action or an instance of forming and giving something off. c (1) : a process of continuous change from a lower, simpler, or worse to a higher, more complex, or better state : growth 2) : a process of gradual and relatively peaceful social, political, and economic advance d : something evolved3 : the process of working out or developing4 a : the historical development of a biological group (as a race or species) : phylogeny b : a theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations5 : the extraction of a mathematical root6 : a process in which the whole universe is a progression of interrelated phenomena As you can see, I have underlined and bolded what I believe the different definitions of evolution may be, as discussed in this report. There are many theories and myths about evolution. For example, here is a quote from Chief Weneinock of Yakima God created the Indian country and it was as if he spread ou...

Research Review for teaching strategies for reading using evidence Paper

Review for teaching strategies for reading using evidence based practices for special education students - Research Paper Example However, many educators have failed to recognize the importance of EBP in learning institutions. There are numerous students with varied disabilities; hence there is a need for experienced professionals to implement effective reading strategies for teaching. They can also engage parents in this intervention program in order to increase the performance level. This is because parents are the first primary caregivers and educators of the child; thus engaging them in the program will contribute to positive change. Therefore, the EBP should be matched with the unique needs of students and their skills; thus developing effective Individualized Education Program (IEP) for producing better learning outcomes. The themes in the research articles focus on reading instructions, developing fluency and vocabulary instructions for students with learning disabilities. Therefore, the study seeks to offer an insight on the research issues as to whether teaching strategies for reading using EBP is an e ffective approach for individual education students. It seeks to reveal the way educators can teach students to read, but  how well do  students with disabilities understand what they are reading? Educators can also help students with LD (learning disabilities) to think critically. However,  do they actually comprehend what the vocabulary words mean and talk fluent? Therefore, what can educators do in order to help these students to think critically, understand vocabularies and read fluent? The research employs varied methods such as questionnaires, surveys of the perception of students and standardized tests in order to determine how students can develop effective reading or improve performance learning skills. The results varied across students with learning disabilities, but the majority of the students showed improved reading comprehensive skills when employing EBP approach. Summary of Studies Article 1 Participants Stetter, M. E., & Hughes, M. T. (January 01, 2011). Compu ter Assisted Instruction to Promote Comprehension in Students with Learning Disabilities. International Journal of Special Education, 26, 1, 88-100 reveals the way reading comprehension is significant. The article reveals the way students with LD strive to improve reading skills and many of them face numerous challenges in learning environment. Therefore, the article attempts to analyze whether the computer assisted instructions can help in promoting reading comprehension for students with LD (Stetter and Hughes, 2011). The authors carried out research through employing a single-subject and diverse baseline designed for achieving the desired outcomes. They employed varied methodologies such as surveys, standardized tests and daily questions in order to determine the way reading comprehension is valuable for achieving academic success. The study results revealed that computer assisted instructions could have influenced the reading comprehension of students with LD. The participants w ho participated in the research study were students from varied schools in the United States. Of these students, 90 % of them were from lower socio-economic background and the remaining percentage from high socio-economic class. The students with LD also participated in

Brief assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brief - Assignment Example then the enforcement would operate to deprive the Shute’s the clear day to the court to pursue justice following the evidence given by the petitioner indicating that they was hindrances when pursuing ligation be it due financial capability or physically challenged ( Phillip134) Reasoning: Since the statement that was produced by the petitioner was freely acted they negotiated on the issue to board the ship thus, does not support fully determination of the court order on the forum brought forward by the plaintiff. The clause in a passage contract is not enforceable in an easy manner simply because the contract was not subjected for bargaining. In this case it is completely out of reason to assume that cruise passenger would bargain the term of the contract regarding to the cruise ticket form. Nevertheless, it is permissible in such of kind of contract to follow he clause that cruise could subject a cruise line to ligation in different interest hence, expelling confusion on the filed suit when defended thereby sparing the plaintiff time and operating cost ( Charles 96) Decision and Remedy: Following a serious inconvenience caused by the plaintiff Carnival Cruise are enforced to stick to the agreement despite of Shute bargaining for the ticket thereby litigation is pursued on Plaintiff (Phillipe 65) Fact: The plaintiff suit a case on a assumed action in California state court against T-mobile claiming breach of the state’s unfair business practices statute occurring out of early termination fees charged the service providers through telephone line hence, the sale contract locked cellular phones making it not easy for customers to use following switch of another carrier (Dan 34) Issue: The compelled arbitration pursuant to the service agreement negotiation clause which propels they class action waiver to T- Mobile service provider hence, causing the provision statement unenforceable (Dan 300) Reasoning: According to federal Arbitration Act anticipate

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Heart Rate Essay Example for Free

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Heart Rate Essay Introduction: Our bodies need to be in balance in order to function properly, and there are many ways the body maintains balance, or homeostasis. Homeostasis is the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment. Our normal heart rate is an example of our body in homeostasis and any sort of change, or stimulus, can alter it. Exercise, adrenaline in the blood, and a low blood pH are all stimuli that increase the heart rate. Exercise, for example, stimulates stretch receptors in the muscles. These receptors then send a signal to a part of the brain called the medulla oblongata that receives the sensory input. It then in turn sends nerve impulses to the sinoatrial node in the heart. This node generates an impulse and initiates contraction of the heart at a quicker pace. Thus, the heart beats faster, which equals an increased heart rate. This is an example of a homeostasis imbalance. The heart reaches homeostasis again when exercise ceases and the heart rate drops down to its basal rate, or its rate at rest. This whole process is an example of a negative feedback cycle: a stimulus (increased heart rate) sends receptors to the control center (medulla oblongata), which then sends effectors (impulses by the vagus nerve, or the efferent pathway) to the heart to slow the heart contractions, thus reducing the heart rate and bringing it back to its basal rate. In our experiment we studied heart rate before and after a brief exercise session. Our hypothesis is exercise will increase the heart rate, and a negative feedback mechanism will occur to restore the heart rate back to its normal basal rate. Materials: Stop watch, metronome, stairs Methods: †¢Eight subjects took their own resting, or basal, heart rate for 15 seconds while standing up. Some subjects chose to take their heart rate at their carotid artery, and some took their pulse using their radial artery. This number was multiplied by 4 to get beats per minute. This is how all heart rate measurements were taken throughout the experiment. †¢Subjects did exercise session. They walked down 57 stairs and then back up those same 57 stairs for a total of 104 stair steps. This was done at a pace of 85 beats per minute. The whole session took 1 minute 45 seconds. †¢Subjects immediately took their heart rate after they completed the exercise. †¢After 1 minute of completing the exercise, subjects measured their heart rate again. This was done at 1 minute intervals for a total of 5 heart rate measurements after completing the exercise. †¢All together, subjects took 6 heart rate measurements: 1 before the exercise, and then 5 after the exercise. Data/Results: See attached graph and table. Conclusion/Discussion: The data shows that heart rate increases during and after exercise and begins to drop back down close to the basal rate after rest. The heart progressively decreases after each minute of rest. Our results show a negative feedback mechanism was used to control the heart rate after exercise. The increased heart rate stimulated the medulla oblongata which sent impulses to the sinoatrial node of the heart to slow down contractions and decrease the heart rate. Different subjects had differences in the time it took for their heart rate to drop after the exercise, but heart rate decreased nonetheless. Overall, our hypothesis was shown to be correct from the experiment. We chose the heart rate as our variable because it is easy to measure and gives clear results. We predicted that the heart would increase after a brief exercise session, and our results matched that prediction. As for other experiments, we could perform different activities or tasks and measure our hear t rate after those. We could even hold a serious/heated discussion and see if heart rate is affected in an intense conversation. There are many different things you could do to test heart rate, as exercise is just one example. Data: Each subject and their heart rate at certain time interval: SubjectBefore exercise0 minutes rest1 min. rest2 min. rest3 min. rest4 min. rest 1100 BPM120 BPM104 BPM104 BPM104 BPM104 BPM 2120160156156152148 37210076807672 47212080727272 596136124120100100 66812072727680 76011664646464 86816084888084 Summary statement: Heart rate increases during and after exercise and begins to drop back down close to the basal rate after rest. Citations Heart Rate Regulation in Humans. (2010, January 23). The Student Room. Retrieved August 24, 2013, from http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php%3Ft%3D1059551%26page%3D45q=esrc=sei=EEIuUtiHKMKUiQL86YDQDQusg=AFQjCNGj9jN4mV3pDlB7dF1yuUm0gn81gA

The Eight Basic Types of Runs Essay -- sport, runner, forefoot, injury,

Running is one of the many sports that do not get enough attention that it rightfully deserves. What is so special about it anyway, all people do in this sport is either run various distances in different terrains or in endless circles on a track. But, it is so much than that there is so much preparation and technique that goes into running. It’s the same as a football player spending hours studying multiple plays; or a volleyball player tirelessly redoing a spike to get just the right impact time. The same goes for a runner so much preparation goes into the sport mentally and physically. Injuries are quite frequent in running so there are various methods to help runners heal in the quickest way possible. When the simple methods don’t work to heal injuries there are different medical instruments used to find out where the source of pain is coming from. The way a runner’s foot lands on the ground also causes effects to a runner’s body. People think it is as simple as getting out of their bed to be able to run competitively but even the way they run is even requires enormous amounts of intense consideration. With all these examples in mind along comes a multitude of variations in which rung can be executed. Logically people would want to use the most efficient method to produce the fastest times when running. This would benefit all types of runners from beginners all the way to the seasoned pros. Every year 65% to 80% of all runners will suffer an injury (McDougal). How do so many people suffer injuries and are still able to run? There are various remedies to help cure all kinds of different injures from ankle rolls to shin splints. One common and universal remedy is R.I.C.E (rest, ice, compression, elevation) (WebMD). R.... ...The 8 Basic Types of Runs." Competitor Running. N.p., 21 Aug. 2013. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. Contresible, B. "The Biological Evolution of Pain." The Biological Evolution of Pain. N.p., 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. "Foot Anatomy 101." Born to Run. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. Gould, Todd A., and Molly Edmonds. "How MRI Works." HowStuffWorks. Discovery, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. Hahn, Jane U. "The Perfect Form." Runner's World & Running Times. Runner's World, 16 June 2005. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. Larson, Peter. "Facts on Foot Strike." Runner's World & Running Times. Running Times, 17 May 2012. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. "Muscles of the Knee (Cross-section View)." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. "Runner's Knee: Symptoms, Pain, Causes, and Treatment." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. "What Is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?" WebMD. WebMD, 03 Jan. 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. The Eight Basic Types of Runs Essay -- sport, runner, forefoot, injury, Running is one of the many sports that do not get enough attention that it rightfully deserves. What is so special about it anyway, all people do in this sport is either run various distances in different terrains or in endless circles on a track. But, it is so much than that there is so much preparation and technique that goes into running. It’s the same as a football player spending hours studying multiple plays; or a volleyball player tirelessly redoing a spike to get just the right impact time. The same goes for a runner so much preparation goes into the sport mentally and physically. Injuries are quite frequent in running so there are various methods to help runners heal in the quickest way possible. When the simple methods don’t work to heal injuries there are different medical instruments used to find out where the source of pain is coming from. The way a runner’s foot lands on the ground also causes effects to a runner’s body. People think it is as simple as getting out of their bed to be able to run competitively but even the way they run is even requires enormous amounts of intense consideration. With all these examples in mind along comes a multitude of variations in which rung can be executed. Logically people would want to use the most efficient method to produce the fastest times when running. This would benefit all types of runners from beginners all the way to the seasoned pros. Every year 65% to 80% of all runners will suffer an injury (McDougal). How do so many people suffer injuries and are still able to run? There are various remedies to help cure all kinds of different injures from ankle rolls to shin splints. One common and universal remedy is R.I.C.E (rest, ice, compression, elevation) (WebMD). R.... ...The 8 Basic Types of Runs." Competitor Running. N.p., 21 Aug. 2013. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. Contresible, B. "The Biological Evolution of Pain." The Biological Evolution of Pain. N.p., 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. "Foot Anatomy 101." Born to Run. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. Gould, Todd A., and Molly Edmonds. "How MRI Works." HowStuffWorks. Discovery, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. Hahn, Jane U. "The Perfect Form." Runner's World & Running Times. Runner's World, 16 June 2005. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. Larson, Peter. "Facts on Foot Strike." Runner's World & Running Times. Running Times, 17 May 2012. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. "Muscles of the Knee (Cross-section View)." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. "Runner's Knee: Symptoms, Pain, Causes, and Treatment." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. "What Is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?" WebMD. WebMD, 03 Jan. 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.

Assessment method †Written Questions Essay

Criteria 1.4: State why and when health and safety control equipment, identified by the principles of protection, should be used relating to types, purpose and limitations of each type, the work situation, occupational use and the general work environment, in relation to: – Collective protective measures Fencing is used when access to the site needs to be prevented. They can be used to prevent access to the public and the workers making them use a designated entrance to site. This will make sure the members of the public cannot wander on to the site which could be dangerous for them or the workmen. Also making the workers go in through a designated entrance would allow everyone to be signed onto the site, so the foremen are aware of everyone who is on site. The main type of fencing is Harris fencing; this can be erected with ease and speed. It prevents access to the site but is only temporary and can be taken down as quickly as it can be put up. Harris fencing could also be blown over in a high wind. Harris fencing is not always necessary as existing fencing may already be in place. A garden fence, a garden wall or a hedgerow can be used to prevent access; they can be used on their own or in conjunction with fencing. Barriers are used to restrict access or to warn the workers of a da nger. These would be used throughout the job when appropriate. If there is a danger such as a trench that has been dug into the ground a barrier should be used to warn  people that it is there and also to stop someone from falling down into the trench. Different types of barrier include plastic barriers and bunting which is help up using metal pegs these are usually bright orange. The purpose of barriers is to restrict access and warn of dangers. They are only temporary and can be easily removed. Cones and warning tape could also be used as a barrier to restrict access to a certain area of the site. These are only temporary and can be easily removed. Signage comes in different colours which denote what type of information the sign contains. Signs can be used on fencing and barriers and can be in other areas of the site such as the site office. Blue signs contain mandatory information. These are things that everyone must do, they could be telling you what type of PPE you have to wear. Red signs are prohibition notices, telling you what you must not do such as smoke. Yellow and black signs contain warning information. The most common example of a warning sign is overhead cable signs. Green signs are Information signs which have information on things like first aid. These signs can be found in places like the site office or the site entrance. Also there is signage on packaging, these are COSHH signs and give information on how to handle that substance. – Personal protective equipment (PPE) Hard hat – A hard at is used when there is a danger of falling objects to protect the head from impact injuries or knocks. Some hard hats come with visors and ear defenders attached. The purpose of a hard had is to protect you from a head injury from objects falling from a scaffold, unprotect ends of a scaffold pole and other dangers. They must be warn when there is a scaffold on a site. Sometimes they can easily fall off your head but newer hard hats have a better fit. You can also get bump caps which are light weight hard hats. Ear Defenders- Ear defenders are used when there is a loud noise on site which could damage your ears. A loud noise could come from many different things on site, it could be you cutting down a brick or a block with a grinder, it could come from someone else using a piece of machinery. You can get ear plugs which you put into your ear which reduce the sound, these can only be used once. If you reuse them you can risk an infection by getting  dirt into your ear. You can also get ear defenders which go over your ears which muffle a lot of the sound out. These can be used multiple times but may also not be compatible with other PPE such as a hard hat, although you can get ear defenders that work very well with a hard hat. Eye Protection – Is used when there is a risk of dust getting into someone’s eyes or an impact injury to the eye. There are different types of eye protection, safety goggles are made of a durable plastic and will stop both dust and flying debris from harming your eyes. Safety spectacles only protect your eyes from flying debris, these can be used when there is not a lot of dust for example cutting a brick with a bolster. Face masks are a rigid plastic visor that will protect your face from flying debris. They are commonly used with garden equipment like chainsaws and strimmer’s. They will not protect you from fine dust particles. Gloves – Gloves are needed when there is a risk of damaging your hands or getting a chemical on them. Gloves differ in design, material and thickness. The correct glove should be chosen for the job after taking into account the possible risks. There are many different types of glove, from lighter material gloves which would be suitable if you are doing brickwork to heavier gloves that could be coated in different substances to give resistance to chemicals. You must also think about if you are going to need gloves that will protect your hands from cuts if you are doing a job and you are handling something that is sharp. Gloves will only have a certain lifespan as they will degrade through ware and tare or through contact with a chemical substance. Gloves must fit the user well as not to hinder his ability to work well and also his dexterity which could make him more likely to drop something. Safety boots- Most building sites will require you to always wear safety boots. Safety boots have a steel toe cap and a very tough sole. This will give the wearer protection from falling objects and also from standing on nails and other things. They also provide a sole with plenty of grip to help prevent slips. You can also get wellington boots that have steel toe caps which also keep your feet dry. – Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) Respiratory protective equipment is used to prevent a worker from breathing in dust or fumes that may be hazardous. There are various types but the most commonly used type of RPE is a dust mask. These are light weight and comfortable and easy to fit. However, they will not offer any protection from toxic dust or fumes. Most dust masks are only effective for a short period and then they need replacing. Respirators have removable filters, which can be replaced. You can get different filters which do different jobs, some protect the user from toxic dust and some protect the user from fumes. Also you can get respirators which cover the whole face which provide more protection. If you are working in an area with low oxygen you should choose breathing apparatus with an air supply. You must ensure that the dust mask is correct for the job and provides the appropriate protection. You also must ensure that the mask is a good fit to the person who is wearing it. A poor fit will result in a poor seal allowing dust and fumes to get in. – Local exhaust ventilation (LEV). Exposure to dust and to fumes can be harmful to people’s health. It can cause asthma, lung scaring and cancer. Therefore local exhaust ventilation systems are put in place to extract the airborne dust and fumes. There are different types of LEV and care must be taken to choose the most effective type for a particular job or machine. Most LEV systems simply suck the dust and fumes out of the air before they reach a worker. Some of them will also have a hood fitted which will help contain the dust and fumes as they are being sucked away. Water can stop dust from taking to the air in the first place, on some tools you can fit a water supply, such as a grinder where the blade is kept wet while you are cutting to keep the dust down. Sometimes just opening windows and doors will allow the dust to escape and clear the air. . Criteria 1.5: State how the health and safety control equipment relevant to the work should be used in accordance with the given instructions. Collective protective measures should be installed and used only by people  who have received adequate information, instruction and training. This will help prevent something like a Harris fence from blowing down in a wind because it wasn’t properly secured. The signage would have to be put up correctly to avoid a mistake being made so this would have to be done by someone who knows all the correct information. PPE should be in good condition and be well looked after by the user. The correct PPE should be chosen and correctly worn for each job, also you should ensure the PPE is compatible eg. Does the hard hat stop you from being able to wear your ear defenders? The PPE that is worn should be decided after thinking about the possible hazards. RPE used should be suitable to the job at hand, the user needs to think about if they need protection from toxic dust, fumes or if there will be a short supply in oxygen. Choosing the right mask is the first step and making sure it is a correct fit is the second. Fit testing is the best way to make sure a mask fits you properly, this should be carried out by someone who is qualified. Facial hair could stop you being able to get a tight seal and causing contaminated air to seep in. You should regularly replace filters on your mask and always check the correct filter for the job is fitted. You should store your mask in a clean, dust free area. LEV that is needed will vary depending on the task that you are doing. If you are sweeping a room indoors opening the doors and windows will allow most of the dust to escape. If you are using a grinder to cut a block or a piece of slate you could pour water on to it or add a water supply to keep the dust down. You could also do it outside. If you worked in joinery you could get a reputable LEV supplier to advise you on the best LEV system to ventilate your machines. Employees should be knowledgeable in how to use LEV. Criteria 1.6: State which types of health, safety and welfare legislation, notices and warning signs are relevant to the occupational area and associated equipment. The Health and safety Law poster should be posted up somewhere, this could be  in the site office, with the name of the trained first aider on it. There will be signage in green which are information signs. Such as a first aid sign. Blue signs tell people what they must do while on site. It could be information on what type of PPE must be worn. Red signs are probation signs telling people things they must not do, this could be no smoking signs or a no entry except to authorised personal sign. Yellow signs are warning signs. They warn people of dangers that they need to be aware off. This could be a sign warning you of overhead cables or a sign warning you that there is heavy plant machinery operating on site. There will be signs on machinery and power tools saying what items of PPE need to be worn while operating them. Signs will be on the packaging of harmful substances stating what PPE should be worn and what precautions should take place when using them. There will also be COSHH signs on the bottle or packaging of many different substances. These will tell the user what precautions they need to take while handling the substance or what they have to do if there is a chemical spill and how to neutralize it. Criteria 1.7: State why health, safety and welfare legislation, notices and warning signs are relevant to the occupational area. They are there to protect the work force from hazards and the dangers by informing people that these hazards and dangers exist, keeping people safe. They are also relevant because the signs inform people of what safety measures they need to take eg. PPE. Health and safety procedures and locations of things like the first aid office are and also the name of the trained first aider on signs. Criteria 1.8: State how to comply with control measures that have been identified by risk assessments and safe systems of work. The information and control measures that have been identified by risk assessments will be made available to everyone to read. You can read the mission statement which is that plan of action or you could be told verbally. You must follow these orders and work in the way that is instructed. Also there is information on machinery and tools, which will instruct you on how to work in a safe manner. COSHH signs on substances must also be followed to work in a safe way. Criteria 2.2: List typical hazards associated with the work environment and occupational area in relation to resources, substances, asbestos, equipment, obstructions, storage, services and work activities. Resources can become a hazard if they are improperly stacked. Materials such as bricks and blocks must be stacked in a safe and stable way, eg. Not too high. Care must be taken when moving resources. MHO (manual handling operations) need to be implied properly to make sure all lifting is done safely. Substances such as cement, lime and other chemicals and solvents can damage skin causing burns, dermatitis and other skin problems. Some chemicals and solvents could potentially present a fire risk so must be stored in a suitable way. Asbestos is found in lots of older buildings. It is at its most dangerous when it is disturbed. The fibres are inhaled and can cause severe damage to the lungs and death. When discovered asbestos should only be removed by a licensed contractor. Equipment can cause hazards if used improperly. Cutting tools and saws can be dangerous because you could cut of a finger or something worse. Some equipment can be loud enough to damage your ears. Some tools which produce a lot of vibration such as a breaker can cause white finger. Obstructions are a hazard because people can trip over them, also if they are blocking a fire escape it could be dangerous. If things are not stored correctly they could be unstable and fall over and hurt someone. Also certain materials must be stored under specific condition. Some materials present a fire risk. Care must be taken not to damage any services. If you are digging and you hit a gas or electric main it could be potentially dangerous. They should have warning tape above them but this is not always the case. Also if you are improperly trained you could be electrocuted if you attempt electrical work. Some work activities present a risk such as climbing ladders and work on a roof or scaffold. Also when machinery such as diggers are on site you must be careful. Criteria 2.3: List the current Health and Safety Executive top ten safety risks. Fall off ladder Fall through roof Lifting operations Struck by plant Overturning plant fall from scaffold Fall through an internal void Asphyxiation poisoning Crushed by falling excavation MEWP crushing entrapment Criteria 2.4: List the current Health and Safety Executive top five health risks. Exposure to asbestos Exposure to silica Manual handling Exposure to excessive noise Exposure to excessive vibration Criteria 2.5: State how changing circumstances within the workplace could cause hazards. If things change and not everyone is aware of these changes then people could get injured. For example if a hand rail is removed on a scaffold someone could fall off. A newly dug trench could become a hazard if someone who didn’t know it was there went near it then they could fall in, this could become more dangerous if metal pegs have been driven into the ground. Criteria 2.6: State the methods used for reporting changed circumstances, hazards and incidents in the workplace. Reporting change in circumstances and hazards can be done at a tool box talk, or you could bring them up as soon as they arise to the site manager and to the other workers. Incidents at work including injury and death should be reported. There are regulations in place (RIDDOR) making sure these things are reported. Accidents should be recorded in the accident book with information about the incident, where it took place and the date. If an accident causes someone to have an injury leaving them unable to work for more than three days they must inform the HSE. Criteria 3.6: State the organisational policies and procedures for health, safety and welfare, in relation to: – Dealing with accidents and emergencies associated with the work and environment The HSE try to reduce the number of accidents and emergencies that occur in the work place. They also tell people what types of injury should be reported and how to report them. – Methods of receiving or sourcing information The HSE has a website that is very informative for both employers and employees on many things such as a COSHH and MHO. You can also request advice from them. You could also read the Health And Safety At Work Act (HASAWA 1974). – Reporting The HSE has regulations set in place called the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR). These regs make sure that everything is properly reported. – Stopping work The HSE sends inspectors onto sites and he is able to make people stop work while something that could be a hazard is made safe again. – Evacuation The HSE can send inspector on site and if he is not happy with what he sees he is able to close down the site by providing a prohibition notice. He will tell them how to make the site safe and what needs to be done to get it up and running again safely. – Fire risks and safe exit procedures Employers must carry out a fire safety risk assessment and keep it up to date. They also need to ensure that adequate and appropriate fire safety measures are in place to minimise the risk of injury or loss of life in the event of a fire. – Consultation and feedback. Tool box talks are carried out so that people can give instructions to others and also for people to give feedback on possible hazards such as a scaffolding has being altered. Criteria 3.7: State the appropriate types of fire extinguishers relevant to the work. Water, Dry powder, Foam and CO2. Criteria 3.8: State how and when the different types of fire extinguishers are used in accordance with legislation and official guidance. Not all fire extinguishers are suitable for putting out all types of fire. For example if you spray water on an electric fire it could make it a lot worse. Below is a list of what types of extinguisher is suitable for what type of fire. Water – Paper , Wood, Textiles, Fabric Dry powder – Paper, wood textiles and fabric. Flammable liquids. Flammable gases. Oils and fats. Electrical hazard. Foam – Paper, wood textiles and fabric. Flammable gases. Oils and fats. CO2 – Flammable liquids. Flammable gases. Oils and fats. Electrical hazard. You must make sure when using a CO2 extinguisher in a confined space that you have sufficient fresh air. You could use breathing apparatus to make sure you are safe. Criteria 4.2: State how personal behaviour demonstrates responsibility for general workplace health, safety and welfare, in relation to: – Recognising when to stop work in the face of serious and imminent danger to self and/or others How you behave when you or someone else is in danger is very important. If a scaffold has become unstable in a high wind then you should be responsible and safe by stopping work until the scaffolding is secure. – Contributing to discussions and providing feedback Contributing to discussions and providing feedback by pointing out hazards and potential risks will demonstrate you are able to spot risks and help make the workplace safe. – Reporting changed circumstances and incidents in the workplace Reporting changed circumstances can prevent an accident from happening because someone wasn’t aware. Legislations are in place to ensure that incidents are reported to the HSE. Making sure these are done demonstrates responsibility. – Complying with the environmental requirements of the workplace Making sure things such as streams aren’t polluted and making sure waste is  correctly disposed of is very important. Criteria 4.3: Give examples of how the behaviour and actions of individuals could affect others within the workplace. Your behaviour could have negative effects on others. Working in an unsafe way may directly harm someone such as dropping a brick, or not putting barriers around a hole in the ground. You behaviour could also have a positive effect on your fellow workers for example you could discover a fire and help to ensure everyone is evacuated safely. Also your feedback at a toolbox talk could stop an accident from taking place. Criteria 5.2: State how security arrangements are implemented in relation to: The workplace: Is surrounded by fencing stopping anyone from wandering onto the site. There will also be lockable storage areas. The general public: Will not be able to get access onto the site as it will be secured with fencing. Also there are signs put up to inform the public that they are not allowed to enter. Site personnel: Resources: Will be locked away in containers so they cannot be stolen.

Energy Conservation in Transport

1.3 Transportation system Transportation is another sector that has increased its comparative portion of primary energy. This sector has serious concerns as it is a important beginning of CO2 emanations and other airborne pollutants, and it is about wholly based on oil as its energy beginning ( Figure 1.5 ; Kreith, West, and Isler 2002 ) . In 2002, the transit sector accounted for 21 % of all CO2 emanations worldwide. An of import facet of future alterations in transit depends on what happens to the available oil resources, production and monetary values. At present, 95 % of all energy for transit comes from oil. As explained subsequently in this chapter, irrespective of the existent sum of oil staying in the land, oil production will top out shortly. Therefore, the demand for careful planning for an orderly passage off from oil as the primary transit fuel is pressing. An obvious replacing for oil would be biofuels such as ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, biodiesel, and biogases. Some believe that H is another option, because if it could be produced economically from RE beginnings or atomic energy, it could supply a clean transit option for the hereafter. Some have claimed H to be a â€Å"wonder fuel† and hold proposed a â€Å"hydrogen-based economy† to replace the present carbon-based economic system ( Veziroglu and Barbir 1992 ) . However, others ( Shinnar 2003 ; Kreith and West 2004 ; Mazza and Hammerschlag 2005 ) difference this claim based on the deficiency of substructure, jobs with storage and safety, and the lower efficiency of H vehicles as compared to plug-in intercrossed or to the full electric vehicles ( West and Kreith 2006 ) . Already hybrid-electric cars are going popular around the universe as crude oil becomes more expensive. The environmental benefits of renewable biofuels could be increased by utilizing plug-in intercrossed electric vehicles ( PHEVs ) . These autos and trucks combine internal burning engines with electric motors to 0 20 40 60 80 100 1971 1980 1990 2002 Percentage Share of conveyance in planetary oil demand Share of oil in conveyance energy demand FIGURE 1.5 Share of conveyance in planetary oil demand and portion of oil in conveyance energy demand. ( Data and prognosis from IEA, World Energy Outlook, IEA, Paris, 2004. With permission. ) Global Energy System 1-5 maximise fuel efficiency. PHEVs have more battery capacity that can be recharged by stop uping it into a regular electric mercantile establishment. Then these vehicles can run on electricity entirely for comparatively short trips. The electric-only trip length is denoted by a figure, for example, PHEV 20 can run on battery charge for 20 stat mis. When the battery charge is used up, the engine begins to power the vehicle. The intercrossed combination reduces gasolene ingestion appreciably. Whereas the conventional vehicle fleet has a fuel economic system of about 22 mpg, loanblends such as the Toyota Prius can achieve about 50 mpg. PHEV 20s have been shown to attain every bit much as 100 mpg. Gasoline usage can be decreased even further if the burning engine runs on biofuel blends, such as E85, a mixture of 15 % gasolene and 85 % ethyl alcohol ( Kreith 2006 ; West and Kreith 2006 ) . Plug-in intercrossed electric engineering is already available and could be realized instantly without farther R & A ; D. Furthermore, a big part of the electric coevals substructure, peculiarly in developed states, is needed merely at the clip of peak demand ( 60 % in the United States ) , and the remainder is available at other times. Hence, if batteries of PHEVs were charged during off-peak hours, no new coevals capacity would be required. Furthermore, this attack would levelize the electric burden and cut down the mean cost of electricity, harmonizing to a survey by the Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI ) ( Sanna 2005 ) . Given the potency of PHEVs, EPRI ( EPRI 2004 ) conducted a large-scale analysis of the cost, battery demands, economic fight of plug-in vehicles today and in the hereafter. As shown by West and Kreith, the net present value of lifecycle costs over 10 old ages for PHEVs with a 20-mile electric-only scope ( PHEV20 ) is less than that of a similar conventional vehicle ( West and Kreith 2006 ) . Furthermore, presently available Ni metal hydride ( NiMH ) batteries are already able to run into needed cost and public presentation specifications. More advanced batteries, such as lithium-ion ( Li-ion ) batteries, may better the economic sciences of PHEVs even further in the hereafter. 7.5.4 Transportation Energy Consumption Energy ingestion in the transit sector is projected to turn at an mean one-year rate of 1.7 % between 2003 and 2025 in the projection, making 39.4 quadrillion Btu in 2025. The growing in transit energy demand is mostly driven by the increasing personal disposable income, projected to turn yearly at approximately 3 % , consumer penchants for driving larger autos with more HP, and an addition in the portion of visible radiation trucks and athleticss public-service corporation vehicles that make up lightduty vehicles. Entire vehicle stat mis traveled by light-duty vehicles is projected to increase at an one-year rate of 2 % between 2003 and 2025 because of the addition in personal disposable income and other demographic factors. 8.1 Introduction This chapter presents tendencies in land usage, cargo, ground-transportation manners for people and cargo, transit fuel supply, and the chances for preservation that exist within each country. The chapter starts with a treatment of the transportation–land usage relationship for a better apprehension of the model within which the transit system maps and the design theories that purpose to influence manner pick and trip coevals. Next is a description of mass theodolite, with peculiar accent on how its energy usage compares to the energy usage of the car. The motion of cargo, its manners, and energy ingestion relation to the remainder of the transit system follows. Then, emerging hereafter engineerings are described ; the focal point of this subdivision is on vehicle efficiencies to conserve energy resources. Finally, the well-to-wheel energy analysis uniting fuel production and vehicle public presentation is presented, concentrating on what feedstocks are available and how they can be refined expeditiously into a fuel. 8.2 Land Use 8.2.1 Land Use and Its Relationship to Transportation There is a cardinal relationship between transit and land usage, because the distance between one’s beginning and finish will find the feasibleness, path, manner, cost, and clip necessary to go from one topographic point to another. Likewise, transit influences land usage as it impacts people’s determinations approximately where to populate and work, sing factors such as commute clip and cost, the distance to a quality school for a family’s kids, the safety and convenience of the paths to school, work, activities, and entree to goods and services. The best chance for preservation in transit Begins with the transportation–land usage relationship. An energy-efficient transit system feats and integrates all manners instead than merely the main road. However, current land usage ordinances, codifications, and development tendencies are designed entirely for the single-occupant vehicle ( SOV ) and do non expeditiously back up other travel options. A more balanced system that incorporates mass theodolite, walking, bicycling, and other options would be more energy-efficient. These manners are less energy intensive and would cut down traffic congestion, vehicle idleness, and inefficient stop-and-go traffic. However, land usage must be designed for multimodal motion for such a balanced system to be realized. Land usage and the population in the U.S. have become more decentralised over clip ( see Figure 8.1 ) . The distribution of land utilizations into residential, commercial, and concern countries increases the distances between the many day-to-day necessities of life so that walking and bicycling are either impracticable or insecure ; it besides makes mass theodolite inefficient because Michigans would be required to function each individual’s needs. Therefore, personal vehicles are the most convenient and most widely chosen manner of transit for day-to-day travel demands given the type of development most normally used in the U.S. A more systemsoriented attack, incorporating prosaic, bike, car, and mass-transit webs within a higher-density developmental construction would be more energy-efficient, but this state of affairs is non the norm in the U.S. today. 8.3 Alternate Transportation system: Mass Transit The efficiency of mass-transit service typically decreases with the denseness of land utilizations. However, denseness is non the individual factor finding the success or failure of a theodolite system. Vuchic ( 1999 ) notes the success of the theodolite webs in fanned countries of San Francisco, Washington, Montreal, Calgary, and peculiarly the suburbs of Philadelphia ( with a lower population denseness than that of Los Angeles: 3500 people per square stat mi ) . Many contrivers and designers suggest a â€Å"hierarchy† of manners instead than the individual manner system that dominates most countries: at the base is a web of bicycle- and pedestrianfriendly streets that support the local coach system, which in bend feeds a regional theodolite web. As each constituent relies on the others, their integrating is indispensable for transit’s success ( Calthorpe and Fulton 2001 ) . Furthermore, â€Å"the balance between auto and theodolite usage in cardinal metropoliss is strongly influenced by the character of the country ( its physical design, organisation of infinite, and types of development ) and by the comparative convenience and attraction of the two systems† ( Vuchic 1999 ) . 10. Narrow streets 9. Traffic volumes 8. Sidewalks 7. Street trees 6. Interconnected streets 5. On-street parking 4. Lower traffic velocities 3. Mixed land usage 2. Buildings looking the street 1. Small block size FIGURE 8.3 Top 10 walkability factors. ( From Hall, R. , Walkable thoroughfares through balanced design. Presentation at The Nuts & A ; Bolts of Traditional Neighborhood Development Conference, Richmond, VA, 2005. ) Several different types of theodolite exist to function the demands of the populace. â€Å"Demand response† describes the paratransit manner, by which a rider calls a starter who sends the theodolite vehicle ( a bird coach or cab ) to the passenger’s door and delivers her to her finish. Commuter rail denotes regional rail operating between a metropolis and its suburban countries ; light rail implies one or two autos utilizing overhead electricity as a power beginning and operating within a metropolis, frequently sharing the streets with cars ; heavy rail operates at high velocities within a separate right-of-way. Bus rapid theodolite ( BRT ) is deriving popularity as a system that grants buses their ain right-of-way so that they do non acquire caught in traffic congestion. BRT operates parallel to the street, such as in the median between travel lanes or in an sole bus-only lane ( see Figure 8.4 ) , and depending on the system, may besides acquire prioritization at traffic signals so that upon attack, the light bends green and the coach will non hold to wait at a ruddy visible radiation. Table 8.3 summarizes the features of each manner. Table 8.4 illustrates what percentages of the theodolite fleets use alternate fuels ( i.e. , fuels other than the conventionally used gasolene ) . The factors that determine what manner and what engineering are best for a given theodolite system include: †  The handiness of a separate right-of-way †  The distance between/frequency of Michigans ( i.e. , will it be regional, express or local service? ) †  The denseness of the environing country ( to find at what speeds the vehicle can safely go ) †  Expected rider volumes †  Size of the metropolis being served A separate right-of-way is non dependent on the bing conditions of the street web and provides great dependability ( since there are no traffice congestion holds ) , high velocity, short trip times, and overall convenience for riders. The potency of mass theodolite to conserve energy is a big, untapped resource. Table 8.5 illustrates how much fuel could be saved by one individual exchanging to mass theodolite for their day-to-day commute to work. The ground for mass transit’s high efficiency is its energy strength, which is a consequence of the burden factor of each vehicle. Table 8.6 provides passenger travel and energy usage informations for 2002, while Figure 8.5 provides the theodolite manner split on a passenger-mile footing ( i.e. , the distribution of travel on each manner per rider per stat mi ) . Mass transit’s efficiency could surely be much higher compared to cars if more riders used it and increased its burden factor ( Greene and Schafer 2003 ) . FIGURE 8.4 BRT exposure. ( From U.S. General Accounting Office ( GAO ) , Mass Transit: Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise, GAO-01-984, Washington, DC, 2001. )

The Inevitable Collapse of The Roman Republic essays

The Inevitable Collapse of The Roman Republic essays The Roman Empire began in 509 B.C. and lasted till the 6 B.C. The Romans who were highly inspired by the Greeks adapted their governing system. But instead of just limiting their government to city-states, they brought new ideas into their government. They established a ruling senate which was the basis's of their ruling power. The Senate was composed of large landowning aristocrats that composed laws that they could benefit from. The plebeians "poor people" demanded equal representation in the Senate. This battle was won and they were awarded the Plebian Assembly. But as history passed, the senate would no longer need the assembly's approval and this would start the deterioration of the Roman Republic and many other variables. Rome was the epicenter of the Hellenistic period, they gradually grew to occupy all of the Mediterranean. With these conquered lands they enslaved all of the people except for their close neighbors. These slaves were sold to all people of Rome. They took over the workforce. Aristocrats would buy hundreds of slaves and use them for their benefit in their huge plantations "Latifundias." Since the small farmers were the backbone of Rome, they were forced to sell their lands because of shady politics and overtaxing. Thus they would move to the city to find jobs. But since all the jobs were occupied by slaves there was no work for the poor people "the proletariat." This struggle for jobs gradually ruined the economy of Rome and forced the poor people to become even poorer and the rich people even richer. With the slave industrialization, Rome also did a lot of importing instead of exporting which hurt their economy as well. Rome because of its brutal warfare tactics hurt their image as a peaceful empire. Their war with the Carthage, the Punic Wars, brought another side to Rome's growing personality. During these wars, Rome was on the brink of capture when Hannibal almost walked into the walls of Rome. But the R...

Admiral Yi Sun Shin of Korea

Admiral Yi Sun Shin of Korea Admiral Yi Sun Shin of Joseon Korea is revered today in both North Korea and South Korea. Indeed, attitudes toward the great naval commander verge on worshipful in South Korea, and Yi appears in several television dramas, including the eponymous Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-shin from 2004-05.   The admiral almost single-handedly saved Korea during the Imjin War (1592-1598), but his career path in the corrupt Joseon military was anything but smooth. Early Life Yi Sun Shin was born in Seoul on April 28, 1545. His family was noble, but his grandfather had been purged from the government in the Third Literati Purge of 1519, so the Deoksu Yi clan steered clear of government service. As a child, Yi reportedly played commander in neighborhood war games and made his own functional bows and arrows. He also studied Chinese characters and classics, as was expected of a yangban boy. In his twenties, Yi began to study at a military academy. There he learned archery, horseback riding, and other martial skills. He took the Kwago National Military Exam to become a junior officer at the age of 28, but fell from his horse during the cavalry test and broke his leg. Legend holds that he hobbled to a willow tree, cut some branches, and splinted his own leg so that he could continue the test. In any case, he failed the exam due to this injury. Four years later, in 1576, Yi took the military exam once more and passed.  He became the oldest junior officer in the Joseon military at the age of 32. The new officer was posted to the northern border, where Joseon troops regularly battled Jurchen (Manchu) invaders. Army Career Soon, young officer Yi became known throughout the army for his leadership and his strategic mastery.   He captured the Jurchen chief Mu Pai Nai in battle in 1583, dealing the invaders a crushing blow.  In the corrupt Joseon army, however, Yis early successes led his superior officers to fear for their own positions, so they decided to sabotage his career. Conspirators led by General Yi Il falsely accused Yi Sun Shin of desertion during a battle; he was arrested, stripped of his rank, and tortured. When Yi got out of prison, he immediately re-enlisted in the army as an ordinary foot-soldier.  Once again his strategic brilliance and military expertise soon got him promoted to commander of a military training center in Seoul, and later to military magistrate of a rural county. Yi Sun Shin continued to ruffle feathers, however, refusing to promote the friends and relatives of his superiors if they did not merit a higher position. This uncompromising integrity was very unusual in the Joseon army and made him few friends.   However, his value as an officer and strategist kept him from being purged. Navy Man At the age of 45, Yi Sun Shin was promoted to the rank of Commanding Admiral of the Southwestern Sea, in the Jeolla region, despite the fact that he had no naval training or experience.   It was 1590, and Admiral Yi was acutely aware of the growing threat posed to Korea by Japan. Japans taiko, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was determined to conquer Korea as a stepping stone to Ming China. From there, he even dreamed of expanding the Japanese Empire into India. Admiral Yis new naval command lay in a key position along Japans sea route to Seoul, the Joseon capital. Yi immediately began to build up the Korean navy in the southwest, and ordered the construction of the worlds first iron-clad, the turtle ship.  He stockpiled food and military supplies and instituted a strict new training regimen. Yis command was the only section of the Joseon military actively preparing for war with Japan. Japan Invades In 1592, Hideyoshi ordered his samurai army to attack Korea, beginning with Busan, on the southeast coast. Admiral Yis fleet sailed out to oppose their landing, and despite his complete lack of naval combat experience, he quickly defeated the Japanese at the Battle of Okpo, where he was outnumbered 54 ships to 70; the Battle of Sacheon, which was the debut of the turtle boat and resulted in every Japanese ship in the fight sinking; and several others. Hideyoshi, impatient at this delay, deployed all 1,700 of his available ships to Korea, meaning to crush Yis fleet and take control of the seas. Admiral Yi, however, responded in August 1592 with the Battle of Hansan-do, in which his 56 ships defeated a Japanese detachment of 73, sinking 47 of Hideyoshis ships without losing a single Korean one.  In disgust, Hideyoshi recalled his entire fleet. In 1593, the Joseon king promoted Admiral Yi to the commander of three provinces navies: Jeolla, Gyeongsang, and Chungcheong.  His title was Naval Commander of the Three Provinces. Meanwhile, however, the Japanese plotted to get Yi out of the way so that the Japanese armys supply lines would be secure. They sent a double agent called Yoshira to the Joseon Court, where he told Korean General Kim Gyeong-seo that he wanted to spy on the Japanese. The general accepted his offer, and Yoshira began feeding the Koreans minor intelligence. Finally, he told the general that a Japanese fleet was approaching, and Admiral Yi needed to sail to a certain area to intercept and ambush them. Admiral Yi knew that the supposed ambush was actually a trap for the Korean fleet, laid by the Japanese double agent.  The area for the ambush had rough waters that hid many rocks and shoals. Admiral Yi refused to take the bait.   In 1597, because of his refusal to sail into the trap, Yi was arrested and tortured almost to death.   The king ordered him executed, but some of the admirals supporters managed to get the sentence commuted. General Won Gyun was appointed to head the navy in his place; Yi once more was broken down to the rank of foot-soldier. Meanwhile, Hideyoshi launched his second invasion of Korea early in 1597.  He sent 1,000 ships carrying 140,000 men. This time, however, Ming China sent the Koreans thousands of reinforcements, and they managed to hold off the land-based troops. However, Admiral Yis replacement, Won Gyun, made a series of tactical blunders at sea that left the Japanese fleet in a much stronger position. On August 28, 1597, his Joseon fleet of 150 warships blundered into a Japanese fleet of between 500 and 1,000 ships. Only 13 of the Korean ships survived; Won Gyun was killed. The fleet that Admiral Yi had so carefully built was demolished. When King Seonjo heard about the disastrous Battle of Chilchonryang, he immediately reinstated Admiral Yi but the great admirals fleet had been destroyed. Nonetheless, Yi was defiant of orders to take his sailors ashore.  I still have twelve warships under my command, and I am alive. The enemy shall never be safe in the Western Sea! In October of 1597, he lured a Japanese fleet of 333 into the Myeongnyang Strait, which was narrow and dredged by a powerful current. Yi laid chains across the mouth of the strait, trapping the Japanese ships inside. As the ships sailed through the strait in a heavy fog, many hit rocks and sank. Those that survived were enveloped by Admiral Yis carefully deposed force of 13, which sank 33 of them without using a single Korean ship.   The Japanese commander Kurushima Michifusa was killed in action. Admiral Yis victory at the Battle of Myeongnyang was one of the greatest naval triumphs not just in Korean history, but in all of history. It thoroughly demoralized the Japanese fleet and cut the supply lines to the Japanese army in Korea. The Final Battle In December of 1598, the Japanese decided to break through the Joseon sea blockade and bring the troops home to Japan. On the morning of December 16, a Japanese fleet of 500 met Yis combined Joseon and Ming fleet of 150 at Noryang Strait. Once again, the Koreans prevailed, sinking about 200 of the Japanese ships and capturing an additional 100. However, as the surviving Japanese retreated, a lucky arquebus shot by one of the Japanese troops hit Admiral Yi in the left side. Yi feared that his death could demoralize the Korean and Chinese troops, so he told his son and nephew We are about to win the war.  Do not announce my death! The younger men carried his body below decks to conceal the tragedy and re-entered the fight. This drubbing at the Battle of Noryang was the last straw for the Japanese. They sued for peace and withdrew all troops from Korea. The Joseon kingdom, however, had lost its greatest admiral. In the final tally, Admiral Yi was undefeated in at least 23 naval battles, despite being seriously outnumbered in most of them. Although he had never fought at sea before Hideyoshis invasion, his strategic brilliance saved Korea from being conquered by Japan. Admiral Yi Sun Shin died defending a nation that had betrayed him more than once, and for that, he is still honored today throughout the Korean Peninsula and is even respected in Japan.

Culinary Arts Past, Present and Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culinary Arts Past, Present and Future - Essay Example Italian Caterina de Medici, who was born in 1519, was the niece of Lorenzo ‘The Magnificent’ de Medici, who ruled Florence {Italy}. She automatically obtained French nationality when she married Henry of Orleans, the King of France, at an early age. When she relocated to France from Italy, Caterina brought along a large entourage that included several cooks, all experts in Italian cooking which had contributed to the gastronomical supremacy of Florence for centuries. The exposition of their expertise by the Florentine cooks in France set off such a revolution in the history of culinary art that Caterina de Medici, without whom it would never have come about, is credited with laying the foundation for modern cuisine to flourish. The Florentine cooks introduced to the French new dishes such as peas and beans, duck in orange {canard a l’orange}, bà ©chamel {balsa mella}, crepes {crespelle} and onion soup {carabaccia}. The cooks specializing in pastry-making displaye d their expertise with items like pasta, fruits in syrup, marmalades, ice creams and sorbets. The Italians also demonstrated a totally new protocol of the dining table {in which Florence was far better than other Europeans} consisting of elegant table setting, high-quality silverware and glasses, fine embroidery and napkins, delightful perfumes and luxurious lingerie, and most of all, proper table etiquette. The impressive Italian contribution was topped by Caterina who unveiled the fork and demonstrated how it should be used. The Italian revelations enriched the existing French culinary arts {which was in a productive discipline of its own} allowing the French to improve and add to their own achievements (Chef2Chef Recipe Club). Nearly 100 years after Caterina de Medici and her Italian entourage began the French culinary arts’ revolutionizing process in France during the 16th century, a valuable and spurring contribution was provided by Francois Vatel,

Zero Tolerance Policies for Schools Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zero Tolerance Policies for Schools - Term Paper Example In most instances, such cases are rationalized as sacrifices that are necessary if zero tolerance has to be fairly applied and be effective in creating a deterrent effect. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize why zero tolerance in schools is an important legislative, judicial or public policy issue while elaborating on its potential direct effect on education. Literature Review Zero-tolerance policies have been adopted by various schools for various reasons. Some have adopted the policy for purposes of dealing with behavioral issues targeting alcohol/drugs, weapons, fighting within the school premises and threatening behaviors. As documented by the Center for Disease Control 2006, approximately 100% of schools within the district had prohibitions against fighting and weapons. About 80% had prohibitions against gang-activity whilst 90% had put in place zero tolerance policies against drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. The compulsory and free public education promise in the United States is a promise to access and equal opportunity to the â€Å"American Dream†. This promise has been found to be an illusionary one characterized by a history of segregation in the lines of race and class disparities. This extends to the gap in both quality and funding of schools. As a matter of fact, education policy shifts in the previous years have engineered the inherent public education inequalities that persist in the American society. Rather than the education policy creating an atmosphere of opportunity, engagement and learning, the educational practices currently operating are increasingly deviating from the very purpose of zero tolerance in schools. The growing pattern of expelling students from educational institutions through the... The compulsory and free public education promise in the United States is a promise to access and equal opportunity to the â€Å"American Dream†. This promise has been found to be an illusionary one characterized by a history of segregation in the lines of race and class disparities. This extends to the gap in both quality and funding of schools. As a matter of fact, education policy shifts in the previous years have engineered the inherent public education inequalities that persist in the American society. Rather than the education policy creating an atmosphere of opportunity, engagement and learning, the educational practices currently operating are increasingly deviating from the very purpose of zero tolerance in schools. The growing pattern of expelling students from educational institutions through the use of â€Å"zero tolerance â€Å"policies and tracking them indirectly or directly into the adult and juvenile criminal justice systems is what has been   referred to a s school to prison pipeline.Since time immemorial, schools have been characterized by both informal and formal tracks that direct students into different areas of the curriculum. However, the tracking of students out of their school environment into jail is a phenomenon that is new. Present policies have increased students risks of being expelled, arrested or suspended at school. The poor, disabled students, youth of distinct color to be precise the African Americans are disproportionately affected by the zero tolerance policy.